CMAKE-BUILDSYSTEM(7)

NAME
cmake-buildsystem - CMake Buildsystem Reference

INTRODUCTION

A CMake-based buildsystem is organized as a set of high-level logical targets. Each target corresponds to an executable or library, or is a custom target containing custom commands. Dependencies between the targets are expressed in the buildsystem to determine the build order and the rules for regeneration in response to change.

BINARY TARGETS

Executables and libraries are defined using the add_executable() and add_library() commands. The resulting binary files have appropriate PREFIX, SUFFIX and extensions for the platform targeted. Dependencies between binary targets are expressed using the target_link_libraries() command:

    add_library(archive archive.cpp zip.cpp lzma.cpp)
    add_executable(zipapp zipapp.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(zipapp archive)

archive is defined as a STATIC library -- an archive containing objects compiled from archive.cpp, zip.cpp, and lzma.cpp. zipapp is defined as an executable formed by compiling and linking zipapp.cpp. When linking the zipapp executable, the archive static library is linked in.

  Executables

Executables are binaries created by linking object files together, one of which contains a program entry point, e.g., main.

The add_executable() command defines an executable target:

    add_executable(mytool mytool.cpp)

CMake generates build rules to compile the source files into object files and link them into an executable.

Link dependencies of executables may be specified using the target_link_libraries() command. Linkers start with the object files compiled from the executable's own source files, and then resolve remaining symbol dependencies by searching linked libraries.

Commands such as add_custom_command(), which generates rules to be run at build time can transparently use an EXECUTABLE target as a COMMAND executable. The buildsystem rules will ensure that the executable is built before attempting to run the command.

  Static Libraries

Static libraries are archives of object files. They are produced by an archiver, not a linker. Executables, Shared Libraries, and Module Libraries may link to static libraries as dependencies. Linkers select subsets of object files from static libraries as needed to resolve symbols and link them into consuming binaries. Each binary that links to a static library gets its own copy of the symbols, and the static library itself is not needed at runtime.

The add_library() command defines a static library target when called with the STATIC library type:

    add_library(archive STATIC archive.cpp zip.cpp lzma.cpp)

or, when the BUILD_SHARED_LIBS variable is false, with no type:

    add_library(archive archive.cpp zip.cpp lzma.cpp)

CMake generates build rules to compile the source files into object files and archive them into a static library.

Link dependencies of static libraries may be specified using the target_link_libraries() command. Since static libraries are archives rather than linked binaries, object files from their link dependencies are not included in the libraries themselves (except for Object Libraries specified as direct link dependencies). Instead, CMake records static libraries' link dependencies for transitive use when linking consuming binaries.

  Shared Libraries

Shared libraries are binaries created by linking object files together. Executables, other shared libraries, and Module Libraries may link to shared libraries as dependencies. Linkers record references to shared libraries in consuming binaries. At runtime, a dynamic loader searches for referenced shared libraries on disk and loads their symbols.

The add_library() command defines a shared library target when called with the SHARED library type:

    add_library(archive SHARED archive.cpp zip.cpp lzma.cpp)

or, when the BUILD_SHARED_LIBS variable is true, with no type:

    add_library(archive archive.cpp zip.cpp lzma.cpp)

CMake generates build rules to compile the source files into object files and link them into a shared library.

Link dependencies of shared libraries may be specified using the target_link_libraries() command. Linkers start with the object files compiled from the shared library's own source files, and then resolve remaining symbol dependencies by searching linked libraries.

NOTE: CMake expects shared libraries to export at least one symbol. If a library does not export any unmanaged symbols, e.g., a Windows resource DLL or C++/CLI DLL, make it a Module Library instead.

  Apple Frameworks

Shared Libraries and Static Libraries may be marked with the FRAMEWORK target property to create a macOS or iOS Framework. A library with the FRAMEWORK target property should also set the FRAMEWORK_VERSION target property. This property is typically set to the value of "A" by macOS conventions. The MACOSX_FRAMEWORK_IDENTIFIER sets the CFBundleIdentifier key and it uniquely identifies the bundle.

    add_library(MyFramework SHARED MyFramework.cpp)
    set_target_properties(MyFramework PROPERTIES
      FRAMEWORK TRUE
      FRAMEWORK_VERSION A # Version "A" is macOS convention
      MACOSX_FRAMEWORK_IDENTIFIER org.cmake.MyFramework
    )

  Module Libraries

Module libraries are binaries created by linking object files together. Unlike Shared Libraries, module libraries may not be linked by other binaries as dependencies -- do not name them in the right-hand side of the target_link_libraries() command. Instead, module libraries are plugins that an application can dynamically load on-demand at runtime, e.g., by dlopen.

The add_library() command defines a module library target when called with the MODULE library type:

    add_library(archivePlugin MODULE 7z.cpp)

CMake generates build rules to compile the source files into object files and link them into a module library.

Link dependencies of module libraries may be specified using the target_link_libraries() command. Linkers start with the object files compiled from the module library's own source files, and then resolve remaining symbol dependencies by searching linked libraries.

  Object Libraries

Object libraries are collections of object files created by compiling source files without any archiving or linking. The object files may be used when linking Executables, Shared Libraries, and Module Libraries, or when archiving Static Libraries.

The add_library() command defines an object library target when called with the OBJECT library type:

    add_library(archiveObjs OBJECT archive.cpp zip.cpp lzma.cpp)

CMake generates build rules to compile the source files into object files.

Other targets may specify the object files as source inputs by using the generator expression syntax $<TARGET_OBJECTS:name>:

    add_library(archiveExtras STATIC $<TARGET_OBJECTS:archiveObjs> extras.cpp)
    add_executable(test_exe $<TARGET_OBJECTS:archiveObjs> test.cpp)

The consuming targets are linked (or archived) using object files both from their own sources and from the named object libraries.

Alternatively, object libraries may be specified as link dependencies of other targets:

    add_library(archiveExtras STATIC extras.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(archiveExtras PUBLIC archiveObjs)
    add_executable(test_exe test.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(test_exe archiveObjs)

The consuming targets are linked (or archived) using object files both from their own sources and from object libraries specified as direct link dependencies by target_link_libraries(). See Linking Object Libraries.

Object libraries may not be used as the TARGET in a use of the add_custom_command(TARGET) command signature. However, the list of objects can be used by add_custom_command(OUTPUT) or file(GENERATE) by using $<TARGET_OBJECTS:objlib>.

BUILD SPECIFICATION AND USAGE REQUIREMENTS

Targets build according to their own build specification in combination with usage requirements propagated from their link dependencies. Both may be specified using target-specific commands.

For example:

    add_library(archive SHARED archive.cpp zip.cpp)
    if (LZMA_FOUND)
      # Add a source implementing support for lzma.
      target_sources(archive PRIVATE lzma.cpp)
      # Compile the 'archive' library sources with '-DBUILDING_WITH_LZMA'.
      target_compile_definitions(archive PRIVATE BUILDING_WITH_LZMA)
    endif()
    target_compile_definitions(archive INTERFACE USING_ARCHIVE_LIB)
    add_executable(consumer consumer.cpp)
    # Link 'consumer' to 'archive'.  This also consumes its usage requirements,
    # so 'consumer.cpp' is compiled with '-DUSING_ARCHIVE_LIB'.
    target_link_libraries(consumer archive)

  Target Commands

Target-specific commands populate the build specification of Binary Targets and usage requirements of Binary Targets, Interface Libraries, and Imported Targets.

Invocations must specify scope keywords, each affecting the visibility of arguments following it. The scopes are:

PUBLIC
    Populates both properties for building and properties for using a target.

PRIVATE
    Populates only properties for building a target.

INTERFACE
    Populates only properties for using a target.

    The commands are:

target_compile_definitions()
    Populates the COMPILE_DEFINITIONS build specification and INTERFACE_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS usage requirement properties.

    For example, the call

        target_compile_definitions(archive
          PRIVATE   BUILDING_WITH_LZMA
          INTERFACE USING_ARCHIVE_LIB
        )

    appends BUILDING_WITH_LZMA to the target's COMPILE_DEFINITIONS property and appends USING_ARCHIVE_LIB to the target's INTERFACE_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS property.

target_compile_options()
    Populates the COMPILE_OPTIONS build specification and INTERFACE_COMPILE_OPTIONS usage requirement properties.

target_compile_features()
    New in version 3.1.

    Populates the COMPILE_FEATURES build specification and INTERFACE_COMPILE_FEATURES usage requirement properties.

target_include_directories()
    Populates the INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES build specification and INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES usage requirement properties. With the SYSTEM option, it also populates the INTERFACE_SYSTEM_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES usage requirement.

    For convenience, the CMAKE_INCLUDE_CURRENT_DIR variable may be enabled to add the source directory and corresponding build directory as INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES on all targets. Similarly, the CMAKE_INCLUDE_CURRENT_DIR_IN_INTERFACE variable may be enabled to add them as INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES on all targets.

target_sources()
    New in version 3.1.

    Populates the SOURCES build specification and INTERFACE_SOURCES usage requirement properties.

    It also supports specifying File Sets, which can add C++ module sources and headers not listed in the SOURCES and INTERFACE_SOURCES properties. File sets may also populate the INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES build specification and INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES usage requirement properties with the include directories containing the headers.

target_precompile_headers()
    New in version 3.16.

    Populates the PRECOMPILE_HEADERS build specification and INTERFACE_PRECOMPILE_HEADERS usage requirement properties.

target_link_libraries()
    Populates the LINK_LIBRARIES build specification and INTERFACE_LINK_LIBRARIES usage requirement properties.

    This is the primary mechanism by which link dependencies and their usage requirements are transitively propagated to affect compilation and linking of a target.

target_link_directories()
    New in version 3.13.

    Populates the LINK_DIRECTORIES build specification and INTERFACE_LINK_DIRECTORIES usage requirement properties.

target_link_options()
    New in version 3.13.

    Populates the LINK_OPTIONS build specification and INTERFACE_LINK_OPTIONS usage requirement properties.

  Target Build Specification

The build specification of Binary Targets is represented by target properties. For each of the following compile and link properties, compilation and linking of the target is affected both by its own value and by the corresponding usage requirement property, named with an INTERFACE_ prefix, collected from the transitive closure of link dependencies.

  Target Compile Properties

These represent the build specification for compiling a target.

COMPILE_DEFINITIONS
    List of compile definitions for compiling sources in the target. These are passed to the compiler with -D flags, or equivalent, in an unspecified order.

    When compiling sources of a SHARED library, a MODULE library, or an EXECUTABLE with ENABLE_EXPORTS enabled, CMake automatically defines a target-specific preprocessor symbol. By default the definition is of the form <target>_EXPORTS, but it can be overridden by the DEFINE_SYMBOL target property. This allows headers to detect whether they are included from inside their implementation sources, and to correctly set up export/import annotations or visibility of symbols.

COMPILE_OPTIONS
    List of compile options for compiling sources in the target. These are passed to the compiler as flags, in the order of appearance.

    Compile options are automatically escaped for the shell.

    Some compile options are best specified via dedicated settings, such as the POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE target property.

COMPILE_FEATURES
    New in version 3.1.

    List of compile features needed for compiling sources in the target. Typically these ensure the target's sources are compiled using a sufficient language standard level.

INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
    List of include directories for compiling sources in the target. These are passed to the compiler with -I or -isystem flags, or equivalent, in the order of appearance.

    For convenience, the CMAKE_INCLUDE_CURRENT_DIR variable may be enabled to add the source directory and corresponding build directory as INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES on all targets.

SOURCES
    List of source files associated with the target. This includes sources specified when the target was created by the add_executable(), add_library(), or add_custom_target() command. It also includes sources added by the target_sources() command, but does not include File Sets.

PRECOMPILE_HEADERS
    New in version 3.16.

    List of header files to precompile and include when compiling sources in the target.

AUTOMOC_MACRO_NAMES
    New in version 3.10.

    List of macro names used by AUTOMOC to determine if a C++ source in the target needs to be processed by moc.

AUTOUIC_OPTIONS
    New in version 3.0.

    List of options used by AUTOUIC when invoking uic for the target.

  Target Link Properties

These represent the build specification for linking a target.

LINK_LIBRARIES
    List of link libraries for linking the target, if it is an executable, shared library, or module library. Entries for Static Libraries and Shared Libraries are passed to the linker either via paths to their link artifacts, or with -l flags or equivalent. Entries for Object Libraries are passed to the linker via paths to their object files.

    Additionally, for compiling and linking the target itself, usage requirements are propagated from LINK_LIBRARIES entries naming Static Libraries, Shared Libraries, Interface Libraries, Object Libraries, and Imported Targets, collected over the transitive closure of their INTERFACE_LINK_LIBRARIES properties.

LINK_DIRECTORIES
    New in version 3.13.

    List of link directories for linking the target, if it is an executable, shared library, or module library. The directories are passed to the linker with -L flags, or equivalent.

LINK_OPTIONS
    New in version 3.13.

    List of link options for linking the target, if it is an executable, shared library, or module library. The options are passed to the linker as flags, in the order of appearance.

    Link options are automatically escaped for the shell.

LINK_DEPENDS
    List of files on which linking the target depends, if it is an executable, shared library, or module library. For example, linker scripts specified via LINK_OPTIONS may be listed here such that changing them causes binaries to be linked again.

  Target Usage Requirements

The usage requirements of a target are settings that propagate to consumers, which link to the target via target_link_libraries(), in order to correctly compile and link with it. They are represented by transitive compile and link properties.

Note that usage requirements are not designed as a way to make downstreams use particular COMPILE_OPTIONS, COMPILE_DEFINITIONS, etc. for convenience only. The contents of the properties must be requirements, not merely recommendations.

See the Creating Relocatable Packages section of the cmake-packages(7) manual for discussion of additional care that must be taken when specifying usage requirements while creating packages for redistribution.

The usage requirements of a target can transitively propagate to the dependents. The target_link_libraries() command has PRIVATE, INTERFACE and PUBLIC keywords to control the propagation.

    add_library(archive archive.cpp)
    target_compile_definitions(archive INTERFACE USING_ARCHIVE_LIB)
    add_library(serialization serialization.cpp)
    target_compile_definitions(serialization INTERFACE USING_SERIALIZATION_LIB)
    add_library(archiveExtras extras.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(archiveExtras PUBLIC archive)
    target_link_libraries(archiveExtras PRIVATE serialization)
    # archiveExtras is compiled with -DUSING_ARCHIVE_LIB
    # and -DUSING_SERIALIZATION_LIB
    add_executable(consumer consumer.cpp)
    # consumer is compiled with -DUSING_ARCHIVE_LIB
    target_link_libraries(consumer archiveExtras)

Because the archive is a PUBLIC dependency of archiveExtras, the usage requirements of it are propagated to consumer too.

Because serialization is a PRIVATE dependency of archiveExtras, the usage requirements of it are not propagated to consumer.

Generally, a dependency should be specified in a use of target_link_libraries() with the PRIVATE keyword if it is used by only the implementation of a library, and not in the header files. If a dependency is additionally used in the header files of a library (e.g. for class inheritance), then it should be specified as a PUBLIC dependency. A dependency which is not used by the implementation of a library, but only by its headers should be specified as an INTERFACE dependency. The target_link_libraries() command may be invoked with multiple uses of each keyword:

    target_link_libraries(archiveExtras
      PUBLIC archive
      PRIVATE serialization
    )

Usage requirements are propagated by reading the INTERFACE_ variants of target properties from dependencies and appending the values to the non-INTERFACE_ variants of the operand. For example, the INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES of dependencies is read and appended to the INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES of the operand. In cases where order is relevant and maintained, and the order resulting from the target_link_libraries() calls does not allow correct compilation, use of an appropriate command to set the property directly may update the order.

For example, if the linked libraries for a target must be specified in the order lib1 lib2 lib3 , but the include directories must be specified in the order lib3 lib1 lib2:

    target_link_libraries(myExe lib1 lib2 lib3)
    target_include_directories(myExe
      PRIVATE $<TARGET_PROPERTY:lib3,INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES>)

Note that care must be taken when specifying usage requirements for targets which will be exported for installation using the install(EXPORT) command. See Creating Packages for more.

  Transitive Compile Properties

These represent usage requirements for compiling consumers.

INTERFACE_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS
    List of compile definitions for compiling sources in the target's consumers. Typically these are used by the target's header files.

INTERFACE_COMPILE_OPTIONS
    List of compile options for compiling sources in the target's consumers.

INTERFACE_COMPILE_FEATURES
    New in version 3.1.

    List of compile features needed for compiling sources in the target's consumers. Typically these ensure the target's header files are processed when compiling consumers using a sufficient language standard level.

INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
    List of include directories for compiling sources in the target's consumers. Typically these are the locations of the target's header files.

INTERFACE_SYSTEM_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
    List of directories that, when specified as include directories, e.g., by INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES or INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES, should be treated as "system" include directories when compiling sources in the target's consumers.

INTERFACE_SOURCES
    List of source files to associate with the target's consumers.

INTERFACE_PRECOMPILE_HEADERS
    New in version 3.16.

    List of header files to precompile and include when compiling sources in the target's consumers.

INTERFACE_AUTOMOC_MACRO_NAMES
    New in version 3.27.

    List of macro names used by AUTOMOC to determine if a C++ source in the target's consumers needs to be processed by moc.

INTERFACE_AUTOUIC_OPTIONS
    New in version 3.0.

    List of options used by AUTOUIC when invoking uic for the target's consumers.

  Transitive Link Properties

These represent usage requirements for linking consumers.

INTERFACE_LINK_LIBRARIES
    List of link libraries for linking the target's consumers, for those that are executables, shared libraries, or module libraries. These are the transitive dependencies of the target.

    Additionally, for compiling and linking the target's consumers, usage requirements are collected from the transitive closure of INTERFACE_LINK_LIBRARIES entries naming Static Libraries, Shared Libraries, Interface Libraries, Object Libraries, and Imported Targets,

INTERFACE_LINK_DIRECTORIES
    New in version 3.13.

    List of link directories for linking the target's consumers, for those that are executables, shared libraries, or module libraries.

INTERFACE_LINK_OPTIONS
    New in version 3.13.

    List of link options for linking the target's consumers, for those that are executables, shared libraries, or module libraries.

INTERFACE_LINK_DEPENDS
    New in version 3.13.

    List of files on which linking the target's consumers depends, for those that are executables, shared libraries, or module libraries.

  Custom Transitive Properties

New in version 3.30.

The TARGET_PROPERTY generator expression evaluates the above build specification and usage requirement properties as builtin transitive properties. It also supports custom transitive properties defined by the TRANSITIVE_COMPILE_PROPERTIES and TRANSITIVE_LINK_PROPERTIES properties on the target and its link dependencies.

For example:

    add_library(example INTERFACE)
    set_target_properties(example PROPERTIES
      TRANSITIVE_COMPILE_PROPERTIES "CUSTOM_C"
      TRANSITIVE_LINK_PROPERTIES    "CUSTOM_L"
      INTERFACE_CUSTOM_C "EXAMPLE_CUSTOM_C"
      INTERFACE_CUSTOM_L "EXAMPLE_CUSTOM_L"
      )
    add_library(mylib STATIC mylib.c)
    target_link_libraries(mylib PRIVATE example)
    set_target_properties(mylib PROPERTIES
      CUSTOM_C           "MYLIB_PRIVATE_CUSTOM_C"
      CUSTOM_L           "MYLIB_PRIVATE_CUSTOM_L"
      INTERFACE_CUSTOM_C "MYLIB_IFACE_CUSTOM_C"
      INTERFACE_CUSTOM_L "MYLIB_IFACE_CUSTOM_L"
      )
    add_executable(myexe myexe.c)
    target_link_libraries(myexe PRIVATE mylib)
    set_target_properties(myexe PROPERTIES
      CUSTOM_C "MYEXE_CUSTOM_C"
      CUSTOM_L "MYEXE_CUSTOM_L"
      )
    add_custom_target(print ALL VERBATIM
      COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E echo
        # Prints "MYLIB_PRIVATE_CUSTOM_C;EXAMPLE_CUSTOM_C"
        "$<TARGET_PROPERTY:mylib,CUSTOM_C>"
        # Prints "MYLIB_PRIVATE_CUSTOM_L;EXAMPLE_CUSTOM_L"
        "$<TARGET_PROPERTY:mylib,CUSTOM_L>"
        # Prints "MYEXE_CUSTOM_C"
        "$<TARGET_PROPERTY:myexe,CUSTOM_C>"
        # Prints "MYEXE_CUSTOM_L;MYLIB_IFACE_CUSTOM_L;EXAMPLE_CUSTOM_L"
        "$<TARGET_PROPERTY:myexe,CUSTOM_L>"
      )

  Compatible Interface Properties

Some target properties are required to be compatible between a target and the interface of each dependency. For example, the POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE target property may specify a boolean value of whether a target should be compiled as position-independent-code, which has platform-specific consequences. A target may also specify the usage requirement INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE to communicate that consumers must be compiled as position-independent-code.

    add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
    set_property(TARGET exe1 PROPERTY POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)
    add_library(lib1 SHARED lib1.cpp)
    set_property(TARGET lib1 PROPERTY INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)
    add_executable(exe2 exe2.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(exe2 lib1)

Here, both exe1 and exe2 will be compiled as position-independent-code. lib1 will also be compiled as position-independent-code because that is the default setting for SHARED libraries. If dependencies have conflicting, non-compatible requirements cmake(1) issues a diagnostic:

    add_library(lib1 SHARED lib1.cpp)
    set_property(TARGET lib1 PROPERTY INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)
    add_library(lib2 SHARED lib2.cpp)
    set_property(TARGET lib2 PROPERTY INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE OFF)
    add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(exe1 lib1)
    set_property(TARGET exe1 PROPERTY POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE OFF)
    add_executable(exe2 exe2.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(exe2 lib1 lib2)

The lib1 requirement INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE is not "compatible" with the POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE property of the exe1 target. The library requires that consumers are built as position-independent-code, while the executable specifies to not built as position-independent-code, so a diagnostic is issued.

The lib1 and lib2 requirements are not "compatible". One of them requires that consumers are built as position-independent-code, while the other requires that consumers are not built as position-independent-code. Because exe2 links to both and they are in conflict, a CMake error message is issued:

    CMake Error: The INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE property of "lib2" does
    not agree with the value of POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE already determined
    for "exe2".

To be "compatible", the POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE property, if set must be either the same, in a boolean sense, as the INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE property of all transitively specified dependencies on which that property is set.

This property of "compatible interface requirement" may be extended to other properties by specifying the property in the content of the COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_BOOL target property. Each specified property must be compatible between the consuming target and the corresponding property with an INTERFACE_ prefix from each dependency:

    add_library(lib1Version2 SHARED lib1_v2.cpp)
    set_property(TARGET lib1Version2 PROPERTY INTERFACE_CUSTOM_PROP ON)
    set_property(TARGET lib1Version2 APPEND PROPERTY
      COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_BOOL CUSTOM_PROP
    )
    add_library(lib1Version3 SHARED lib1_v3.cpp)
    set_property(TARGET lib1Version3 PROPERTY INTERFACE_CUSTOM_PROP OFF)
    add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(exe1 lib1Version2) # CUSTOM_PROP will be ON
    add_executable(exe2 exe2.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(exe2 lib1Version2 lib1Version3) # Diagnostic

Non-boolean properties may also participate in "compatible interface" computations. Properties specified in the COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_STRING property must be either unspecified or compare to the same string among all transitively specified dependencies. This can be useful to ensure that multiple incompatible versions of a library are not linked together through transitive requirements of a target:

    add_library(lib1Version2 SHARED lib1_v2.cpp)
    set_property(TARGET lib1Version2 PROPERTY INTERFACE_LIB_VERSION 2)
    set_property(TARGET lib1Version2 APPEND PROPERTY
      COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_STRING LIB_VERSION
    )
    add_library(lib1Version3 SHARED lib1_v3.cpp)
    set_property(TARGET lib1Version3 PROPERTY INTERFACE_LIB_VERSION 3)
    add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(exe1 lib1Version2) # LIB_VERSION will be "2"
    add_executable(exe2 exe2.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(exe2 lib1Version2 lib1Version3) # Diagnostic

The COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_NUMBER_MAX target property specifies that content will be evaluated numerically and the maximum number among all specified will be calculated:

    add_library(lib1Version2 SHARED lib1_v2.cpp)
    set_property(TARGET lib1Version2 PROPERTY INTERFACE_CONTAINER_SIZE_REQUIRED 200)
    set_property(TARGET lib1Version2 APPEND PROPERTY
      COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_NUMBER_MAX CONTAINER_SIZE_REQUIRED
    )
    add_library(lib1Version3 SHARED lib1_v3.cpp)
    set_property(TARGET lib1Version3 PROPERTY INTERFACE_CONTAINER_SIZE_REQUIRED 1000)
    add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
    # CONTAINER_SIZE_REQUIRED will be "200"
    target_link_libraries(exe1 lib1Version2)
    add_executable(exe2 exe2.cpp)
    # CONTAINER_SIZE_REQUIRED will be "1000"
    target_link_libraries(exe2 lib1Version2 lib1Version3)

Similarly, the COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_NUMBER_MIN may be used to calculate the numeric minimum value for a property from dependencies.

Each calculated "compatible" property value may be read in the consumer at generate-time using generator expressions.

Note that for each dependee, the set of properties specified in each compatible interface property must not intersect with the set specified in any of the other properties.

  Property Origin Debugging

Because build specifications can be determined by dependencies, the lack of locality of code which creates a target and code which is responsible for setting build specifications may make the code more difficult to reason about. cmake(1) provides a debugging facility to print the origin of the contents of properties which may be determined by dependencies. The properties which can be debugged are listed in the CMAKE_DEBUG_TARGET_PROPERTIES variable documentation:

    set(CMAKE_DEBUG_TARGET_PROPERTIES
      INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
      COMPILE_DEFINITIONS
      POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE
      CONTAINER_SIZE_REQUIRED
      LIB_VERSION
    )
    add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)

In the case of properties listed in COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_BOOL or COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_STRING, the debug output shows which target was responsible for setting the property, and which other dependencies also defined the property. In the case of COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_NUMBER_MAX and COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_NUMBER_MIN, the debug output shows the value of the property from each dependency, and whether the value determines the new extreme.

  Build Specification with Generator Expressions

Build specifications may use generator expressions containing content which may be conditional or known only at generate-time. For example, the calculated "compatible" value of a property may be read with the TARGET_PROPERTY expression:

    add_library(lib1Version2 SHARED lib1_v2.cpp)
    set_property(TARGET lib1Version2 PROPERTY
      INTERFACE_CONTAINER_SIZE_REQUIRED 200)
    set_property(TARGET lib1Version2 APPEND PROPERTY
      COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_NUMBER_MAX CONTAINER_SIZE_REQUIRED
    )
    add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(exe1 lib1Version2)
    target_compile_definitions(exe1 PRIVATE
        CONTAINER_SIZE=$<TARGET_PROPERTY:CONTAINER_SIZE_REQUIRED>
    )

In this case, the exe1 source files will be compiled with -DCONTAINER_SIZE=200.

The unary TARGET_PROPERTY generator expression and the TARGET_POLICY generator expression are evaluated with the consuming target context. This means that a usage requirement specification may be evaluated differently based on the consumer:

    add_library(lib1 lib1.cpp)
    target_compile_definitions(lib1 INTERFACE
      $<$<STREQUAL:$<TARGET_PROPERTY:TYPE>,EXECUTABLE>:LIB1_WITH_EXE>
      $<$<STREQUAL:$<TARGET_PROPERTY:TYPE>,SHARED_LIBRARY>:LIB1_WITH_SHARED_LIB>
      $<$<TARGET_POLICY:CMP0182>:CONSUMER_CMP0182_NEW>
    )
    add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(exe1 lib1)
    cmake_policy(SET CMP0182 NEW)
    add_library(shared_lib shared_lib.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(shared_lib lib1)

The exe1 executable will be compiled with -DLIB1_WITH_EXE, while the shared_lib shared library will be compiled with -DLIB1_WITH_SHARED_LIB and -DCONSUMER_CMP0182_NEW, because policy CMP0182 is NEW at the point where the shared_lib target is created.

The BUILD_INTERFACE expression wraps requirements which are only used when consumed from a target in the same buildsystem, or when consumed from a target exported to the build directory using the export() command. The INSTALL_INTERFACE expression wraps requirements which are only used when consumed from a target which has been installed and exported with the install(EXPORT) command:

    add_library(ClimbingStats climbingstats.cpp)
    target_compile_definitions(ClimbingStats INTERFACE
      $<BUILD_INTERFACE:ClimbingStats_FROM_BUILD_LOCATION>
      $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:ClimbingStats_FROM_INSTALLED_LOCATION>
    )
    install(TARGETS ClimbingStats EXPORT libExport ${InstallArgs})
    install(EXPORT libExport NAMESPACE Upstream::
            DESTINATION lib/cmake/ClimbingStats)
    export(EXPORT libExport NAMESPACE Upstream::)
    add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(exe1 ClimbingStats)

In this case, the exe1 executable will be compiled with -DClimbingStats_FROM_BUILD_LOCATION. The exporting commands generate IMPORTED targets with either the INSTALL_INTERFACE or the BUILD_INTERFACE omitted, and the *_INTERFACE marker stripped away. A separate project consuming the ClimbingStats package would contain:

    find_package(ClimbingStats REQUIRED)
    add_executable(Downstream main.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(Downstream Upstream::ClimbingStats)

Depending on whether the ClimbingStats package was used from the build location or the install location, the Downstream target would be compiled with either -DClimbingStats_FROM_BUILD_LOCATION or -DClimbingStats_FROM_INSTALL_LOCATION. For more about packages and exporting see the cmake-packages(7) manual.

  Include Directories and Usage Requirements

Include directories require some special consideration when specified as usage requirements and when used with generator expressions. The target_include_directories() command accepts both relative and absolute include directories:

    add_library(lib1 lib1.cpp)
    target_include_directories(lib1 PRIVATE
      /absolute/path
      relative/path
    )

Relative paths are interpreted relative to the source directory where the command appears. Relative paths are not allowed in the INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES of IMPORTED targets.

In cases where a non-trivial generator expression is used, the INSTALL_PREFIX expression may be used within the argument of an INSTALL_INTERFACE expression. It is a replacement marker which expands to the installation prefix when imported by a consuming project.

Include directories usage requirements commonly differ between the build-tree and the install-tree. The BUILD_INTERFACE and INSTALL_INTERFACE generator expressions can be used to describe separate usage requirements based on the usage location. Relative paths are allowed within the INSTALL_INTERFACE expression and are interpreted relative to the installation prefix. For example:

    add_library(ClimbingStats climbingstats.cpp)
    target_include_directories(ClimbingStats INTERFACE
      $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/generated>
      $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:/absolute/path>
      $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:relative/path>
      $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:$<INSTALL_PREFIX>/$<CONFIG>/generated>
    )

Two convenience APIs are provided relating to include directories usage requirements. The CMAKE_INCLUDE_CURRENT_DIR_IN_INTERFACE variable may be enabled, with an equivalent effect to:

    set_property(TARGET tgt APPEND PROPERTY INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
      $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR};${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}>
    )

for each target affected. The convenience for installed targets is an INCLUDES DESTINATION component with the install(TARGETS) command:

    install(TARGETS foo bar bat EXPORT tgts ${dest_args}
      INCLUDES DESTINATION include
    )
    install(EXPORT tgts ${other_args})
    install(FILES ${headers} DESTINATION include)

This is equivalent to appending ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/include to the INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES of each of the installed IMPORTED targets when generated by install(EXPORT).

When the INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES of an imported target is consumed, the entries in the property may be treated as system include directories. The effects of that are toolchain-dependent, but one common effect is to omit compiler warnings for headers found in those directories. The SYSTEM property of the installed target determines this behavior (see the EXPORT_NO_SYSTEM property for how to modify the installed value for a target). It is also possible to change how consumers interpret the system behavior of consumed imported targets by setting the NO_SYSTEM_FROM_IMPORTED target property on the consumer.

If a binary target is linked transitively to a macOS FRAMEWORK, the Headers directory of the framework is also treated as a usage requirement. This has the same effect as passing the framework directory as an include directory.

  Link Libraries and Generator Expressions

Like build specifications, link libraries may be specified with generator expression conditions. However, as consumption of usage requirements is based on collection from linked dependencies, there is an additional limitation that the link dependencies must form a "directed acyclic graph". That is, if linking to a target is dependent on the value of a target property, that target property may not be dependent on the linked dependencies:

    add_library(lib1 lib1.cpp)
    add_library(lib2 lib2.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(lib1 PUBLIC
      $<$<TARGET_PROPERTY:POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE>:lib2>
    )
    add_library(lib3 lib3.cpp)
    set_property(TARGET lib3 PROPERTY INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)
    add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(exe1 lib1 lib3)

As the value of the POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE property of the exe1 target is dependent on the linked libraries (lib3), and the edge of linking exe1 is determined by the same POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE property, the dependency graph above contains a cycle. cmake(1) issues an error message.

  Output Artifacts

The buildsystem targets created by the add_library() and add_executable() commands create rules to create binary outputs. The exact output location of the binaries can only be determined at generate-time because it can depend on the build-configuration and the link-language of linked dependencies etc. TARGET_FILE, TARGET_LINKER_FILE and related expressions can be used to access the name and location of generated binaries. These expressions do not work for OBJECT libraries however, as there is no single file generated by such libraries which is relevant to the expressions.

There are three kinds of output artifacts that may be build by targets as detailed in the following sections. Their classification differs between DLL platforms and non-DLL platforms. All Windows-based systems including Cygwin are DLL platforms.

  Runtime Output Artifacts

A runtime output artifact of a buildsystem target may be:

•   The executable file (e.g. .exe) of an executable target created by the add_executable() command.

•   On DLL platforms: the executable file (e.g. .dll) of a shared library target created by the add_library() command with the SHARED option.

    The RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY and RUNTIME_OUTPUT_NAME target properties may be used to control runtime output artifact locations and names in the build tree.

  Library Output Artifacts

A library output artifact of a buildsystem target may be:

•   The loadable module file (e.g. .dll or .so) of a module library target created by the add_library() command with the MODULE option.

•   On non-DLL platforms: the shared library file (e.g. .so or .dylib) of a shared library target created by the add_library() command with the SHARED option.

    The LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY and LIBRARY_OUTPUT_NAME target properties may be used to control library output artifact locations and names in the build tree.

  Archive Output Artifacts

An archive output artifact of a buildsystem target may be:

•   The static library file (e.g. .lib or .a) of a static library target created by the add_library() command with the STATIC option.

•   On DLL platforms: the import library file (e.g. .lib) of a shared library target created by the add_library() command with the SHARED option. This file is only guaranteed to exist if the library exports at least one unmanaged symbol.

•   On DLL platforms: the import library file (e.g. .lib) of an executable target created by the add_executable() command when its ENABLE_EXPORTS target property is set.

•   On AIX: the linker import file (e.g. .imp) of an executable target created by the add_executable() command when its ENABLE_EXPORTS target property is set.

•   On macOS: the linker import file (e.g. .tbd) of a shared library target created by the add_library() command with the SHARED option and when its ENABLE_EXPORTS target property is set.

    The ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY and ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_NAME target properties may be used to control archive output artifact locations and names in the build tree.

  Directory-Scoped Commands

The target_include_directories(), target_compile_definitions() and target_compile_options() commands have an effect on only one target at a time. The commands add_compile_definitions(), add_compile_options() and include_directories() have a similar function, but operate at directory scope instead of target scope for convenience.

BUILD CONFIGURATIONS

Configurations determine specifications for a certain type of build, such as Release or Debug. The way this is specified depends on the type of generator being used. For single configuration generators like Makefile Generators and Ninja, the configuration is specified at configure time by the CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE variable. For multi-configuration generators like Visual Studio, Xcode, and Ninja Multi-Config, the configuration is chosen by the user at build time and CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE is ignored. In the multi-configuration case, the set of available configurations is specified at configure time by the CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES variable, but the actual configuration used cannot be known until the build stage. This difference is often misunderstood, leading to problematic code like the following:

    # WARNING: This is wrong for multi-config generators because they don't use
    #          and typically don't even set CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE
    string(TOLOWER ${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE} build_type)
    if (build_type STREQUAL debug)
      target_compile_definitions(exe1 PRIVATE DEBUG_BUILD)
    endif()

Generator expressions should be used instead to handle configuration-specific logic correctly, regardless of the generator used. For example:

    # Works correctly for both single and multi-config generators
    target_compile_definitions(exe1 PRIVATE
      $<$<CONFIG:Debug>:DEBUG_BUILD>
    )

In the presence of IMPORTED targets, the content of MAP_IMPORTED_CONFIG_DEBUG is also accounted for by the above $<CONFIG:Debug> expression.

  Case Sensitivity

CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE and CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES are just like other variables in that any string comparisons made with their values will be case-sensitive. The $<CONFIG> generator expression also preserves the casing of the configuration as set by the user or CMake defaults. For example:

    # NOTE: Don't use these patterns, they are for illustration purposes only.
    set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Debug)
    if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL DEBUG)
      # ... will never get here, "Debug" != "DEBUG"
    endif()
    add_custom_target(print_config ALL
      # Prints "Config is Debug" in this single-config case
      COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E echo "Config is $<CONFIG>"
      VERBATIM
    )
    set(CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES Debug Release)
    if(DEBUG IN_LIST CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES)
      # ... will never get here, "Debug" != "DEBUG"
    endif()

In contrast, CMake treats the configuration type case-insensitively when using it internally in places that modify behavior based on the configuration. For example, the $<CONFIG:Debug> generator expression will evaluate to 1 for a configuration of not only Debug, but also DEBUG, debug or even DeBuG. Therefore, you can specify configuration types in CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE and CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES with any mixture of upper and lowercase, although there are strong conventions (see the next section). If you must test the value in string comparisons, always convert the value to upper or lowercase first and adjust the test accordingly.

  Default And Custom Configurations

By default, CMake defines a number of standard configurations:

•   Debug

•   Release

•   RelWithDebInfo

•   MinSizeRel

    In multi-config generators, the CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES variable will be populated with (potentially a subset of) the above list by default, unless overridden by the project or user. The actual configuration used is selected by the user at build time.

    For single-config generators, the configuration is specified with the CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE variable at configure time and cannot be changed at build time. The default value will often be none of the above standard configurations and will instead be an empty string. A common misunderstanding is that this is the same as Debug, but that is not the case. Users should always explicitly specify the build type instead to avoid this common problem.

    The above standard configuration types provide reasonable behavior on most platforms, but they can be extended to provide other types. Each configuration defines a set of compiler and linker flag variables for the language in use. These variables follow the convention CMAKE_<LANG>_FLAGS_<CONFIG>, where <CONFIG> is always the uppercase configuration name. When defining a custom configuration type, make sure these variables are set appropriately, typically as cache variables.

PSEUDO TARGETS

Some target types do not represent outputs of the buildsystem, but only inputs such as external dependencies, aliases or other non-build artifacts. Pseudo targets are not represented in the generated buildsystem.

  Imported Targets

An IMPORTED target represents a pre-existing dependency. Usually such targets are defined by an upstream package and should be treated as immutable. After declaring an IMPORTED target one can adjust its target properties by using the customary commands such as target_compile_definitions(), target_include_directories(), target_compile_options() or target_link_libraries() just like with any other regular target.

IMPORTED targets may have the same usage requirement properties populated as binary targets, such as INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES, INTERFACE_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS, INTERFACE_COMPILE_OPTIONS, INTERFACE_LINK_LIBRARIES, and INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE.

The LOCATION may also be read from an IMPORTED target, though there is rarely reason to do so. Commands such as add_custom_command() can transparently use an IMPORTED EXECUTABLE target as a COMMAND executable.

The scope of the definition of an IMPORTED target is the directory where it was defined. It may be accessed and used from subdirectories, but not from parent directories or sibling directories. The scope is similar to the scope of a cmake variable.

It is also possible to define a GLOBAL IMPORTED target which is accessible globally in the buildsystem.

See the cmake-packages(7) manual for more on creating packages with IMPORTED targets.

  Alias Targets

An ALIAS target is a name which may be used interchangeably with a binary target name in read-only contexts. A primary use-case for ALIAS targets is for example or unit test executables accompanying a library, which may be part of the same buildsystem or built separately based on user configuration.

    add_library(lib1 lib1.cpp)
    install(TARGETS lib1 EXPORT lib1Export ${dest_args})
    install(EXPORT lib1Export NAMESPACE Upstream:: ${other_args})
    add_library(Upstream::lib1 ALIAS lib1)

In another directory, we can link unconditionally to the Upstream::lib1 target, which may be an IMPORTED target from a package, or an ALIAS target if built as part of the same buildsystem.

    if (NOT TARGET Upstream::lib1)
      find_package(lib1 REQUIRED)
    endif()
    add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(exe1 Upstream::lib1)

ALIAS targets are not mutable, installable or exportable. They are entirely local to the buildsystem description. A name can be tested for whether it is an ALIAS name by reading the ALIASED_TARGET property from it:

    get_target_property(_aliased Upstream::lib1 ALIASED_TARGET)
    if(_aliased)
      message(STATUS "The name Upstream::lib1 is an ALIAS for ${_aliased}.")
    endif()

  Interface Libraries

An INTERFACE library target does not compile sources and does not produce a library artifact on disk, so it has no LOCATION.

It may specify usage requirements, compatible interface properties, and custom transitive properties. Only the INTERFACE modes of the target_include_directories(), target_compile_definitions(), target_compile_options(), target_sources(), and target_link_libraries() commands may be used with INTERFACE libraries.

Since CMake 3.19, an INTERFACE library target may optionally contain source files. An interface library that contains source files will be included as a build target in the generated buildsystem. It does not compile sources, but may contain custom commands to generate other sources. Additionally, IDEs will show the source files as part of the target for interactive reading and editing.

A primary use-case for INTERFACE libraries is header-only libraries. Since CMake 3.23, header files may be associated with a library by adding them to a header set using the target_sources() command:

    add_library(Eigen INTERFACE)
    target_sources(Eigen PUBLIC
      FILE_SET HEADERS
        BASE_DIRS src
        FILES src/eigen.h src/vector.h src/matrix.h
    )
    add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(exe1 Eigen)

When we specify the FILE_SET here, the BASE_DIRS we define automatically become include directories in the usage requirements for the target Eigen. The usage requirements from the target are consumed and used when compiling, but have no effect on linking.

Another use-case is to employ an entirely target-focussed design for usage requirements:

    add_library(pic_on INTERFACE)
    set_property(TARGET pic_on PROPERTY INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)
    add_library(pic_off INTERFACE)
    set_property(TARGET pic_off PROPERTY INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE OFF)
    add_library(enable_rtti INTERFACE)
    target_compile_options(enable_rtti INTERFACE
      $<$<OR:$<COMPILER_ID:GNU>,$<COMPILER_ID:Clang>>:-rtti>
    )
    add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(exe1 pic_on enable_rtti)

This way, the build specification of exe1 is expressed entirely as linked targets, and the complexity of compiler-specific flags is encapsulated in an INTERFACE library target.

INTERFACE libraries may be installed and exported. We can install the default header set along with the target:

    add_library(Eigen INTERFACE)
    target_sources(Eigen PUBLIC
      FILE_SET HEADERS
        BASE_DIRS src
        FILES src/eigen.h src/vector.h src/matrix.h
    )
    install(TARGETS Eigen EXPORT eigenExport
      FILE_SET HEADERS DESTINATION include/Eigen)
    install(EXPORT eigenExport NAMESPACE Upstream::
      DESTINATION lib/cmake/Eigen
    )

Here, the headers defined in the header set are installed to include/Eigen. The install destination automatically becomes an include directory that is a usage requirement for consumers.

  Properties Allowed on Interface Libraries

Since CMake 3.19, interface libraries allow setting or reading target properties with any name, just like other target kinds always have.

Prior to CMake 3.19, interface libraries only allowed setting or reading target properties with a limited set of names:

•   Properties named with an INTERFACE_ prefix, either builtin usage requirements, or custom names.

•   Built-in properties named with a COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_ prefix (compatible interface properties).

•   Built-in properties NAME, EXPORT_NAME, EXPORT_PROPERTIES, MANUALLY_ADDED_DEPENDENCIES, IMPORTED, IMPORTED_LIBNAME_<CONFIG>, and MAP_IMPORTED_CONFIG_<CONFIG>.

•   New in version 3.11: Properties named with a leading underscore (_) or lowercase ASCII character.

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