This is gtypist.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.7 from
gtypist.texi.

This manual is for GNU Typist (version 2.10.1, 31 January 2025), a
program to learn typing in several languages and for different keyboard
layouts.

   Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2011,
2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
     document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
     Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
     Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
     and with no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in
     the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.
INFO-DIR-SECTION Education
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* GNU Typist: (gtypist). Documentation of the typing tutor gtypist.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY


File: gtypist.info,  Node: Top,  Next: Distribution,  Up: (dir)

GNU Typist - Typing Tutor
*************************

This manual is for GNU Typist (version 2.10.1, 31 January 2025), a
program to learn typing in several languages and for different keyboard
layouts.

   Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2011,
2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
     document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
     Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
     Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
     and with no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in
     the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.

   GNU Typist is an interactive typing tutor that can help you to type
correctly.  It has several lessons for different keyboard layouts and in
different languages.  The lessons for gtypist are described in a
easy-to-learn scripting language that the user can use to modify the
existing lessons or create new ones.

* Menu:

* Distribution::            Where to find gtypist: source, packages etc.
* Copying::                 The GNU General Public License says how you can
                            copy and share gtypist
* Introduction::            Important concepts you need to know as a user
* Invoking::                How to invoke gtypist
* Configuration file::      Use the config file for saving command line options
* Resize GTypist window::   How to resize the terminal window
* Supplied lessons::        Overview of the lessons in the gtypist distribution
* Using typefortune::       Practising with text from ‘fortune’ (requires perl)
* Script file commands::    Information about the syntax of gtypist lessons
* Create new lessons::      How to contribute new lessons
* Emacs mode::              Emacs mode for editing gtypist scripts
* VIM Syntax highlighting:: VIM Syntax highlighting for gtypist scripts
* Environment Variables::   Environment variables which affect gtypist
* Errors and omissions::    Known problems
* History::                 History of GNU Typist
* Copying this manual::     The GNU Free Documentation License


File: gtypist.info,  Node: Distribution,  Next: Copying,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top

Distribution
************

GNU Typist (or gtypist) is “free software”; this means that everyone is
free to use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions.  The
precise conditions are found in the GNU General Public License that
comes with this program and also follows this section.

You can obtain GNU Typist from a friend or from the Internet:

Official distribution site
     <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gtypist/>

Official home page
     <http://www.gnu.org/software/gtypist/>

On-line manual (updates between program releases)
     <http://www.gnu.org/software/gtypist/doc/>

Developers’ home page (Git repository, tasks, support...)
     <http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/gtypist/>


File: gtypist.info,  Node: Copying,  Next: Introduction,  Prev: Distribution,  Up: Top

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
**************************

                        Version 3, 29 June 2007

     Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>

     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
     license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Preamble
========

The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software
and other kinds of works.

   The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
to take away your freedom to share and change the works.  By contrast,
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TERMS AND CONDITIONS
====================

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     of this License will continue to apply to the part which is the
     covered work, but the special requirements of the GNU Affero
     General Public License, section 13, concerning interaction through
     a network will apply to the combination as such.

  14. Revised Versions of this License.

     The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new
     versions of the GNU General Public License from time to time.  Such
     new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but
     may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.

     Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the
     Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU
     General Public License “or any later version” applies to it, you
     have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
     that numbered version or of any later version published by the Free
     Software Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version
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     If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
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     authorizes you to choose that version for the Program.

     Later license versions may give you additional or different
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  15. Disclaimer of Warranty.

     THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
     APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE
     COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS”
     WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED,
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     NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

  16. Limitation of Liability.

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  17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.

     If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
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     approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in
     connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of
     liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee.

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
===========================

How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
=============================================

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
terms.

   To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
“copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

     ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES.
     Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR

     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at
     your option) any later version.

     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
     WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
     General Public License for more details.

     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
     along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

   Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper
mail.

   If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

     PROGRAM Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR
     This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type ‘show w’.
     This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
     under certain conditions; type ‘show c’ for details.

   The hypothetical commands ‘show w’ and ‘show c’ should show the
appropriate parts of the General Public License.  Of course, your
program’s commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would
use an “about box”.

   You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or
school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if
necessary.  For more information on this, and how to apply and follow
the GNU GPL, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

   The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your
program into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine
library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
applications with the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the
GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License.  But first,
please read <http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.


File: gtypist.info,  Node: Introduction,  Next: Invoking,  Prev: Copying,  Up: Top

1 Introduction
**************

GNU Typist is an interactive typing tutor program.  It uses an input
file to create a series of typing tutorials, drills, and speed tests.
It is intended to be used on raw terminals without graphics.  It has
been compiled and used on GNU/Linux and Unix (OpenBSD, AIX, Solaris) and
also on Windows.

   The program reads lessons written in an easy-to-learn scripting
language.  It is distributed with several complete and good lessons.
You can use them, modify them or create new lessons (*note Create new
lessons:: and *note Script file commands::).

   If a script file is not specified on the command line, a default file
‘gtypist.typ’ will be used.  (See details about the path in the section
*note Environment Variables::).

   The top line of the screen displays a banner.  The bottom line of the
screen displays a message line, queries, and other status information.
The lines in between are used for the tutorials, drills, and speed
tests.

   There are two types of typing exercises: “drills” and “speed tests”.

   In a “drill”, gtypist displays text in every other line on the
screen, and waits for the user to correctly type the exact same text in
the intermediate lines.  Typing errors are indicated with an inverse
‘^’, or ‘>’ if the character is a newline and at the end of the exercise
it calculates the real and effective rate in Words Per Minute (WPM).  If
there were too many errors, it will re-run the drill.

   Backward deleting of previously typed characters to correct errors is
not allowed.

   In a speed test, gtypist displays text on the screen, and waits for
the user to correctly over-type the exact same text.  It indicates
typing errors, and at the end of the test it calculates the real and
effective rate in WPM.  If there were too many errors, it will re-run
the speed test.  Backward deleting of previously typed characters to
correct errors is permitted, but errors still accumulate.

   If you already made too many mistakes, then you can use <ESC> to give
up and start again.  You can also skip a lesson by pressing <ESC> twice.
Once you complete a lesson, you will be asked whether you want to repeat
it.

   There are also “practice only” exercises (of both drills and speed
tests) which you won’t have to repeat at all.  But we won’t tell you
when this is the case, so you’ll have to give your best anyway ;-)

   In typing speed reports, a “word” is deemed to be five characters, so
the raw (gross) WPM is the number of characters in the test passage,
divided by five, then divided again by the number of minutes elapsed in
typing the passage.  The adjusted WPM factors in the errors; each error
is counted as a mistyped word.

   If preferred, speeds can be displayed in Characters Per Minute (CPM).
This can be done by specifying “–scoring=cpm” at the command line.


File: gtypist.info,  Node: Invoking,  Next: Configuration file,  Prev: Introduction,  Up: Top

2 Invoking
**********

The syntax to invoke GNU Typist is:

   ‘gtypist [ Options... ] [ script_file ]’

‘-b, --personal-best’
     gtypist will keep track of your personal best typing speeds and
     tell you when you’ve beaten them.  Best typing speeds are saved in
     a “bestlog” in the user’s home directory.

‘-e, --max-error’
     Specifies the default maximum error percentage.  The default value
     is 3.0 and it must be between 0.0 and 100.0.  There is a
     corresponding script file command (*note Script file commands::)
     which only overrides this if it is _stricter_ (smaller).  This
     value is ignored for “practice only” drills.

‘-n, --notimer’
     gtypist will display the typing speeds in WPM after both drills and
     speed tests.  However, the lessons appear to be written for a
     program that only does this for speed tests.  To make gtypist
     behave in a manner that matches the lessons, that is, to sup WPM
     reports on drills, use ‘-n’ or ‘--notimer’.

‘-t, --term-cursor’
     gtypist creates its own flashing block cursor on the screen, to
     help distinguish between the cursor and reverse video error
     indications.  Setting ‘-t’ or ‘--term-cursor’ suppresses this, and
     forces the program to use the terminal’s cursor instead.

‘-f, --curs-flash’
     Sets the block cursor flash period in tenths of a second.  A value
     of 0 indicates no cursor flashing.  The default is 10, and the
     maximum is 512.  This option is ignored if ‘-t’ or ‘--term-cursor’
     has been set.

‘-c, --colo[u]rs’
     In normal operation, gtypist uses only normal and reverse video
     attributes in monochrome mode.  This option may be used to specify
     the foreground and background colours on terminals that support
     colours.  The colours are specified as two integers, in the range 0
     to 7, separated by commas, setting the foreground and background
     colours.  The colour codes 0 to 7 indicate black, red, green,
     yellow, blue, magenta, cyan, and white respectively.  The default
     colours string is 7,0 - white on black.  The option is ignored if
     the terminal does not support colours.

‘-s, --silent’
     When gtypist detects a typing error, it will beep the terminal.
     Use this option to silence the beep.

‘-q, --quiet’
     Same as ‘-s’ or ‘--silent’.

‘-l, --start-label’
     Specifies the label in the script file at which gtypist begins
     executing (see script files and commands below for information on
     labels).  If this option is not used, gtypist begins execution at
     the first line of the file.

‘-w, --word-processor’
     With this option, gtypist will try to mimic a word processor in
     certain ways when executing an exercise.  It will treat space at
     the end of a line as a correctly typed character, and word wrap.
     It will treat return at the end of a line as a signal to move to
     the start of the next paragraph if applicable.  It will compress
     multiple spaces into a single space.  And it will skip over hyphens
     found at the end of a line.

‘-k, --no-skip’
     Prohibit the user from skipping lessons or exiting from lessons via
     <ESC ESC>.

‘-i, --show-errors’
     Highlight errors with reverse video.

‘-S, --always-sure’
     Skips confirmation questions.

‘--banner-colo[u]rs’
     Change the color of the banner at the top of the screen.  Color
     values are the same as for the –colo[u]rs command.  The default
     value is 0,6,5,1 - black foreground, cyan background, magenta
     program name and red version name.

‘--scoring’
     Change the scoring mode.  WPM and CPM modes are available, with the
     default being WPM.

You also have to set the environment variable ‘LANG’ if you want to run
gtypist in your native language.  *Note Environment Variables::.

In some languages like French, some interface messages are longer than
in English.  Therefore, you may need to make your terminal larger before
invoking the tool.  Otherwise, the text on the lower left may overlap
with the string on the lower right.

   *Examples:*

To run the default lessons of lesson ‘gtypist.typ’:
‘gtypist’

To run the lesson in Spanish:
‘gtypist esp.typ’

To instruct gtypist to look for lesson bar.typ in a non standard
directory ‘/home/foo’:
‘export GTYPIST_PATH="/home/foo"’ ‘gtypist bar.typ’

To run the lessons in the file ‘test.typ’ of directory ‘/tmp’, starting
at label ‘TEST1’, using the terminal’s cursor, and running silently:
‘gtypist -t -q -l TEST1 /tmp/test.typ’


File: gtypist.info,  Node: Configuration file,  Next: Resize GTypist window,  Prev: Invoking,  Up: Top

3 Configuration file
********************

The GTypist configuration file ‘.gtypistrc’, which can be found in your
home directory ($HOME) on UNIX, is used to remember common command line
options (*note Invoking::).  Its format is simply one line per option,
referenced by the short or long option name, but without the ‘-’ or
‘--’.  Comment syntax starts with a ‘#’.

   Here is an example:
     # for beginners:
     max-error=10
     word-processor


File: gtypist.info,  Node: Resize GTypist window,  Next: Supplied lessons,  Prev: Configuration file,  Up: Top

4 Resize GTypist window
***********************

Resizing the GTypist window is a matter of resizing the terminal window
that GTypist was started in.  Depending on the platform, this can be
achieved by:

‘GNU/Linux and UNIX (GNOME/KDE/...)’
     Hit ‘<Ctrl> -’ (reduce) or ‘<Ctrl> +’ (extend).

‘Mac OS X’
     Hit ‘<Command> -’ (reduce) or ‘<Command> +’ (extend).  The
     <Command> key might be labeled <Cmd>.

‘Microsoft Windows’
     Click on the upper left corner of the terminal window and choose
     ‘Properties’.  Change settings in the ‘Layout’ tab of the window
     that appears.


File: gtypist.info,  Node: Supplied lessons,  Next: Using typefortune,  Prev: Resize GTypist window,  Up: Top

5 Supplied lessons
******************

The following lessons are supplied with GNU Typist :
‘q.typ’
     Quick QWERTY course in English
‘r.typ’
     Long QWERTY course in English
‘t.typ’
     QWERTY touch typing in English
‘v.typ’
     Yet Another QWERTY in English
‘u.typ’
     QWERTY Review in English
‘d.typ’
     Dvorak touch typing in English
‘c.typ’
     Colemak touch typing in English
‘m.typ’
     Typing drills in English
‘s.typ’
     Speed drills in English
‘n.typ’
     Calculator keypad in English
‘gtypist.typ’
     Compendium of all previous lessons in English
‘cs.typ’
     Lessons in Czech
‘esp.typ’
     QWERTY course in Spanish
‘p.typ’
     Special characters course for programmers
‘ro_special.typ’
     Romanian lesson focusing on the diacritic characters
‘ru.typ’
     Lessons in Russian
‘sym*.typ’
     Lessons base on Q and T series using a symmetric system.  For more
     info please see <https://kennetchaz.github.io/symmetric-typing/>
‘kt*.typ’
     These lessons are the standard lessons from KTouch 24.05.2
     (https://invent.kde.org/education/ktouch), which have been
     converted to gtypist’s file format with the included script,
     ‘tools/ktouch2typ.pl’.

     The files are: ‘ktbg.typ’ (‘bulgarian.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktbr.typ’
     (‘blazilian.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktcz.typ’ (‘czech.ktouch.xml’),
     ‘ktde.typ’ (‘german.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktdvorak.typ’
     (‘dvorak.ktouch.xml’), ‘kten_gb.typ’
     (‘british_english.ktouch.xml’), ‘kten_us.typ’
     (‘us_english.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktes1.typ’ (‘spanish1.ktouch.xml’),
     ‘ktes2.typ’ (‘spanish2.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktes3.typ’
     (‘spanish3.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktes_cat.typ’ (‘catalan.ktouch.xml’),
     ‘ktfi.typ’ (‘finnish.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktfr.typ’
     (‘french.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktgr.typ’ (‘greek.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktit.typ’
     (‘italian.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktnl.typ’ (‘nederlands.ktouch.xml’),
     ‘ktnl_junior.typ’ (‘nederlands_junior.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktno.typ’
     (‘norwegian.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktru.typ’ (‘russian.ktouch.xml’),
     ‘ktru_long.typ’ (‘russian_long.ktouch.xml’), ‘kttr.typ’
     (‘turkish.ktouch.xml’),

If you find errors in these lessons, if you modify any of them or if you
write a new lesson, please release it with a free license and tell us
about it, by writing an email to <bug-gtypist@gnu.org>.


File: gtypist.info,  Node: Using typefortune,  Next: Script file commands,  Prev: Supplied lessons,  Up: Top

6 Using typefortune
*******************

‘typefortune’ lets you practice with text from ‘fortune’.

   ‘SYNTAX: typefortune [-dslh] [-n count] [-o <gtypist_opts>]’

‘-d’
     Use ‘D:’ instead of ‘S:’.

‘-s’
     Run fortune with ‘-s’.

‘-l’
     Run fortune with ‘-l’.

‘-n <count>’
     Practice <count> fortunes.

‘-o <gtypist_options>’
     Pass options to gtypist, in the form ‘option’ (boolean option, i.e.
     ‘-o word-processor’), ‘option,value’ (option with value, i.e.  ‘-o
     e,1.0’) where ‘option’ is the name of the option (short or long)
     with all leading dashes removed.  You need to quote the argument to
     ‘-o’ if you are specifying more than one argument: ‘typefortune -n
     3 -o 'silent e,5 word-processor'’.


File: gtypist.info,  Node: Script file commands,  Next: Create new lessons,  Prev: Using typefortune,  Up: Top

7 Script file commands
**********************

GNU Typist reads in the data for its typing lessons from a script file.
With the exception of comments and blank lines, each line in the file is
of the format

   ‘command_char : command_data’

Here, ‘command_char’ is a single character code that defines an action
for gtypist to take, and ‘command_data’ is data for that command.  If
‘command_char’ is a space character, this indicates that the line is a
continuation of the preceding non-space command.  The ‘:’ separator must
be in column two of the line.

   Comment lines are lines beginning with a ‘#’ character, and are
ignored, as are blank lines.  Comment lines may have any format provided
that they begin with ‘#’; other lines must have the above format.

   You should read the introduction so that you are familiar with the
basics: *Note Introduction::.

   The following is a list of valid ‘command_char’ values:

‘B’
     This command clears the complete screen.  If any ‘command_data’ is
     present, it is displayed in the one-line banner at the top of the
     screen, and remains in place until the next ‘B’ command.  This
     command may not be continued on the following line; it is a single
     line command.

‘T’
     This presents a tutorial, and is a multi-line command, up to the
     limit of the screen length.  Each line in the command is simply
     printed to the screen.  This command clears the screen beneath the
     top banner line.  After the display is done, the program waits
     before proceeding.

‘*’
     This indicates a label in the file.  The label may be the target of
     a ‘G’, ‘Y’, ‘N’ or ‘F’ command.  Labels may contain any character
     except space (this restriction was added in gtypist 2.9), and are a
     single line command.  Labels must be unique within lesson files.
     White-space at the end of labels is ignored.

‘I’
     The ‘I’ command can display some brief instructions above a drill
     or a speed test.  Only two lines or less are permitted.  Unlike the
     ‘T’ command, it does not wait for any further key-presses before
     proceeding.  So it should really always be followed by an exercise.
     It clears the whole screen exercise area, so in this respect it’s
     just like a two-line ‘T’.

‘M’
     This command is the new way to create menus (since gtypist 2.7).
     Here is the syntax:
          M: [UP=RETURN_LABEL|_EXIT] "title"
           :LABEL1 "item1"
           :LABEL2 "item2"
           ...

     This will display a convenient menu made from the specified items
     and let the user to choose from them.  If an item was selected,
     gtypist will continue script execution from the corresponding
     label.  If the Escape key was pressed and ‘UP’ label is defined,
     gtypist will go to the ‘UP’ label likewise, or quit from, if there
     is ‘``_EXIT''’ in the place of the label.  If the ‘UP’ label is not
     defined, gtypist will try to return to the previous menu and jump
     to the last label met in the script before previous ‘M’ command.
     If there is no such label and some menu was displayed before the
     current one, gtypist will just go to the beginning of the script.
     If none of the previous conditions were met, gtypist will just exit
     from the script.

     The above details make it natural to create menu hierarchies
     without using ‘UP’ labels.

     The title and all descriptions must be wrapped in quotes ("").
     Additionally, there must be at least one space between ‘UP=XXX’ and
     "title" and between the labels and the corresponding descriptions.

     This command was introduced as an easy way to arrange various parts
     of lesson files into single menu hierarchy which can be easily
     navigated, as well as a replacement for ancient ‘F’-key menus.  See
     the existing lesson-files for examples.

‘D,d’
     This command is called “drill”, and it is one of two types of
     typing exercises.

     It is a multi-line command.  The text is displayed in every second
     line, and you type in the intermediate lines.  Because of this, you
     cannot use more than 11 lines of drill content.

     This type of exercise is supposed to be used for finger training
     (i.e.  jfjfjjf), but may also contain complete words and sentences
     if they are used to practice something (i.e.  a
     letter/syllable/"grip"), and aren’t real texts.

     The lowercase version ‘d’ is a “practice only” drill - the user
     will not have not repeat this drill if he/she made too many
     mistakes.

‘S,s’
     This is the second type of typing exercise: the “speed test”.

     It is a multi-line command.  It displays its text on the screen,
     and prompts the user to type on top of it.  That’s why you can use
     up to 22 lines of text for one speed test.  In a speed test you can
     correct your mistakes, but this will not decrease the error-count.

     Speed tests should be used for typing (mostly) complete sentences,
     texts or files (i.e.  a letter, texinfo/html/tex files).

     The lowercase version ‘s’ is a “practice only speed test”: the user
     will not have not repeat this drill if (s)he made too many
     mistakes.

‘G’
     This causes gtypist to go to the label in ‘command_data’, and
     continue execution of the script there.  This is a single line
     command.

‘Q’
     This command command prompts its text on the message line, and
     waits for a <Y> or an <N> before proceeding.  Other characters are
     ignored.

     As a side effect, you can hit an F-key if it is bound (a deprecated
     way to create the prompt for menus).

‘Y’
     This is like ‘G’, except that the goto is executed only if the
     result of the last ‘Q’ command was <Y>.

‘N’
     This is like ‘G’, except that the goto is executed only if the
     result of the last ‘Q’ command was <N>.

‘K’
     _This command is deprecated in favor of M:_ This binds a function
     key to a label.  The format of the data line following this command
     must be ‘fkey_number:label’, where ‘fkey_number’ is a function key
     number in the range 1 to 12, and ‘label’ is a label to go to when
     this key is pressed.  A value of NULL for label removes any label
     binding from the key.

     If function keys are not available on the terminal other keys can
     be used: <1> to <9> to replace <F1> to <F9>, <0> to replace <F10>,
     <A> for <F11> and <S> for <F12>.

     Other alternatives for the keys <F1> to <F12> are the combinations:
     <Ctrl-Q>, <Ctrl-W>, <Ctrl-E>, <Ctrl-R>, <Ctrl-T>, <Ctrl-Z>,
     <Ctrl-U>, <Ctrl-I>, <Ctrl-O>, <Ctrl-P>, <Ctrl-A> and <Ctrl-S>.

     This is also useful where function keys are intercepted by other
     programs (for example by a window manager).

‘E’
     This command is used to set the highest error-rate permitted for
     the next drill (‘E:<value>%’) or for all following drills until the
     next ‘E:’ (‘E:<value>%*’).

     If ‘--max-error/-e’ is specified then this command will only have
     an effect if it is _stricter_ than the value specified on the
     command-line.

     ‘command_data’ consists of the value (between 0.0 and 100.0),
     followed by ‘%’ (this is required so that scripts are more
     readable).  A special value of ‘default’ or ‘Default’ sets the
     error-max value back to the default.

‘F’
     This command (“set on-failure label”) is used to set the label (in
     ‘command_data’) where the user will have to go to if (s)he fails an
     exercise.

     Usually, this command only applies to the next exercise, but you
     can make it persistent by putting a ‘*’ at the end of
     ‘command_data’.

     If label is NULL then this resets the label.

‘X’
     This command causes gtypist to exit.  It is a single line command.
     Any ‘command_data’ is ignored.  The program also exits if the end
     of the file is found (so you could also place a label there and
     just ‘G’ to it)

   Here is a tiny example script to demonstrate the available commands
(‘tinydemo.typ’ lesson file):

     # Minimal demonstration
     B: Typing tutor demonstration
     *:LOOP
     K:1:QDONE
     T:This is a small example tutor script. A better
      :example may be found in the demo.typ file that
      :accompanies GNU Typist
     I:Here is an example of a drill:
     D:asdf ghjkl;
     I:And here is an example of a speed test:
     S:qwe rt yu iop
     *:QDONE
     Q:Seen enough yet? [Y/N]
     N:LOOP
     X:


File: gtypist.info,  Node: Create new lessons,  Next: Emacs mode,  Prev: Script file commands,  Up: Top

8 Create new lessons
********************

This section provides guidelines and hints for creating new lessons (or
improving existing ones).

* Menu:

* Ktouch lessons::              Generate lessons from a set of drills
* Exercises from fortune::      Create drills/speed-tests with text from fortune
* Design patterns for lessons:: Hints/Design patterns for lessons
* Findwords script::		Simple script designed to help you
                    		find words with certain letters


File: gtypist.info,  Node: Ktouch lessons,  Prev: Exercises from fortune,  Up: Create new lessons

8.1 Ktouch lessons
==================

A very easy way to write lessons is to write them in the format that
‘ktouch’ *1.0* uses, and then convert it to a gtypist lesson using
‘tools/ktouchOLD2typ.pl’.  This will take care of writing “jump-tables”,
a menu and a bit more.

   The ktouch-1.0-format consists only of lessons, which are preceded by
their names, and separated by blank lines and/or comments (‘#’ at the
beginning of the line).  So the first non-blank, non-comment line in the
file is the name of the first lesson, and the first lesson consists of
all the lines up to the next comment or blank line.  After the separator
(comment or blank line) the name of the second lesson follows and so on.

   This is an example of a three-lesson ktouch file (excerpts from the
first three lessons of ‘german.ktouch’):
     #
     # Deutsche Training-Datei für KTouch
     #

     Grundstellung
     f f f f f f fff fff fff f f f f f f fff fff fff f f f f f f f fff
     j j j j j j jjj jjj jjj j j j j j j jjj jjj jjj j j j j j j j jjj
     fff jjj fff jjj jjj fff jjj fff fjf fjf fjf jfj jfj jfj fjf jfjfj

     Grundstellung
     fff jjj ddd kkk aaa ööö fff jjj ddd kkk aaa ööö fff jjj ddd kkkff
     fda jkö fda jkö fda jkö fda jkö fda jkö fda jkö fda jkö fda jköfd
     s s s s s s sss sss sss s s s s s s sss sss sss s s s s s s s sss

     #Zwei wichtige Vokale: e und i
     e und i
     asdf ölkj fdsa jklö asdf ölkj fdsa jklö asdf ölkj fdsa jklö asdfö
     das dass lös fad dass lös als dass las lös fad dass als dass dass
     ded ded ded dej dek del deö ded deö del dek dej ded dej dek delde

   Once you are done, use ‘tools/ktouchOLD2typ.pl’ to convert the file:
‘ktouchOLD2typ.pl lesson.ktouch’ converts ‘lesson.ktouch’ to
‘lesson.typ’.  It is important that the input file ends in ‘.ktouch’,
otherwise ‘ktouchOLD2typ.pl’ will skip it.  Warning: this will overwrite
‘lesson.typ’ without asking you !

   You can customize the number of lines that ‘ktouchOLD2typ.pl’ uses
for each drill by modifying the relevant variable in
‘tools/ktouchOLD2typ.pl’.

   Obviously, the disadvantage of this is that you cannot make use of
all of gtypist’s features (but the output file is very readable, so you
can edit it to use more of gtypist’s features).

   If you prefer, you can use the new ktouch 1.6 XML file format, which
looks like this (from ‘english.ktouch.xml’:
     <KTouchLecture>
      <Title>SAMPLE TITLE</Title>
      <Comment>SAMPLE COMMENT</Comment>
      <Levels>
       <Level>
        <NewCharacters>jf</NewCharacters>
        <Line>ff jjj jf jfj j jff fjjf ff jfj j jff ff jjj fjj fjj fjf jfj jjj</Line>
        <Line>f fjjf jjj fjjf jfj fjjf f j fjj jff j fjj jf jjj fjjf f f fjf</Line>
        <Line>fjjf jff jjj ff jf fjjf fjjf f fjj fjj jf fjf j jj f j fjj jj jjj</Line>
        <Line>...</Line>
       </Level>
       <Level>
        <NewCharacters>kd</NewCharacters>
        <Line>jjd fdfj rd djd jk jd k dd fjk fd fk k jfkd dkkf fk dkd dd jk k</Line>
        <Line>dfj djd fkkk fk dff d dkkf fd fk fdfj fk k dkkf djd dff dkd dff</Line>
        <Line>dkd kdk k dkkf k jk fkkk jd k jfkd fk fk jd k d dkd jd k dd rd dffd</Line>
        <Line>...</Line>
       </Level>
      </Levels>
     </KTouchLecture>
   In this format, the content of the <NewCharacters> tag acts as a
title for the following drill.  You can convert ‘*.ktouch.xml’ to
‘*.typ’ with ‘ktouch2typ.pl lesson.ktouch.xml’, which will create
‘lesson.ktouch.typ’ (again, this may overwrite without asking you).


File: gtypist.info,  Node: Exercises from fortune,  Next: Ktouch lessons,  Prev: Design patterns for lessons,  Up: Create new lessons

8.2 Exercises from fortune
==========================

Using ‘gtypist-mode.el’ you can quickly create lessons with text from
the program ‘fortune’ (or the Emacs-internal ‘yow’ if ‘fortune’ isn’t
available, as is usually the case on Windows).

   Once you installed ‘gtypist-mode.el’ (*note Emacs mode::), you can
open a file with the ‘.typ’ extension and run ‘C-c C-f’ to create a
drill (‘D:’ by default, use ‘C-u’ or ‘C-u C-u’ prefix to change).


File: gtypist.info,  Node: Design patterns for lessons,  Next: Exercises from fortune,  Prev: Findwords script,  Up: Create new lessons

8.3 Design patterns for lessons
===============================

8.3.1 Structure of lesson files
-------------------------------

   • Use mixture of drills and speed tests (this is more fun for the
     user)
   • Use some “practice-only” exercises (‘d:’/‘s:’) (possibly mixed with
     “real” exercises) followed by a “final test”.  ‘esp.typ’ uses this
     scheme.

8.3.2 Patterns for exercises
----------------------------

   • When introducing a new key, start out by mixing other (known) keys
     of the same finger in with the new key in the first drill(s).  Here
     is an example (from ‘t.typ’, line 237):
          I:Use your J-finger for the H key.
          *:_T_R_L23
          D:jjj jhj jjj jhj jjj jhj
   • use ’word, word.’ repeatedly to practice ,/.


File: gtypist.info,  Node: Findwords script,  Next: Design patterns for lessons,  Up: Create new lessons

8.4 Findwords script
====================

The ‘tools/findwords’ script in the GNU Typist sources is there to
assist you in creating new lessons.

8.4.1 Purpose
-------------

In the beginning when you are creating a new tutorial from scratch, it’s
not very easy to form words and even sentences while the range of
letters you can use is restricted.  Sometimes you want to insert some
paragraph “targeted” at some special combination of two or three
letters.  This is even harder.

   For this purpose we created findwords.  It uses the dictionaries from
the aspell database (free multilingual spellchecker).

8.4.2 Installing
----------------

You will need the ‘aspell’ and ‘aspell-LG’ packages, where LG is the ISO
language code for the language you want to use.

   After a successful installation, you will have to make a little
change in your configuration so that aspell’s master database is the one
of your language.  This can be done two different ways:

  1. In your home directory create the file
     .aspell.conf and add this line:
     ‘master LANGUAGE’
  2. Create /usr/share/pspell/LG-aspell.pwli
     and add this line:
     ‘/usr/lib/aspell/LG’
     Make sure your locale setting is LG.

   In the above, LG means ISO language code (eg.  ‘en’, ‘fr’, ‘cs’) and
LANGUAGE means name of the database in /usr/lib/aspell (eg.
‘english.multi’, ‘french’, ‘czech’).

   You can try if it works by typing:
             aspell dump master | less

8.4.3 Using findwords
---------------------

The syntax is as follows:
‘./findwords letters [combination]’

   In the mandatory ‘letters’ argument you must list the letters that
you want use without any spaces.  You may use the dot (‘.’) to say ‘all
letters’.  The second argument combination is optional and you can
specify there what combination of letters are you searching for.

   Some examples:
   • ‘./findwords asdfjkleruio’
     We are looking for all words composed from the listed letters.
   • ‘./findwords asdfjkleruio sa’
     We search words containing the combination ‘sa’, but only these
     composed from specified letters.
   • ‘./findwords . col’
     Words can contain all letters, but must have ‘col’ somewhere
     inside.


File: gtypist.info,  Node: Emacs mode,  Next: VIM Syntax highlighting,  Prev: Create new lessons,  Up: Top

9 Emacs mode
************

gtypist now comes with an Emacs major-mode which does
syntax-highlighting, indentation and has some convenient commands for
counting labels, a goto-label-command, inserting properly centered
banners, special comments and a bit more.

   Copy this file from ‘tools/gtypist-mode.el’ to wherever you put your
local elisp files (e.g.  ‘~/elisp’) and put this in your ‘~/.emacs’
(adapt path!):

     (autoload 'gtypist-mode "~/elisp/gtypist-mode")

   or put it in ‘load-path’ (‘make install’ in the sources should take
care of this for GNU Emacs, or if you are using the Debian package, it
installs it here for you) and use this instead:

     (autoload 'gtypist-mode "gtypist-mode")

   *and* add this to your ‘~/.emacs’:

     (setq auto-mode-alist
           (cons '("\\.typ\\'" . gtypist-mode) auto-mode-alist))

All this is also mentioned in the README-section of
‘tools/gtypist-mode.el’.

Here are the commands along with the keybindings:

‘C-c C-i, M-x gtypist-mode-info’
     This shows gtypist’s texinfo-documentation, starting at node
     “Script file commands” (*note Script file commands::).  With
     prefix, start at the top-node.

‘C-c M-g, M-x gtypist-mode-goto-label’
     Query for a label to go to (with completion).

‘C-c C-l, M-x gtypist-mode-next-label’
     This command inserts the next label in a numbered sequence of
     labels.  For example, if you insert
          *:SERIES1_L1
     and hit ‘C-c C-l’ then gtypist-mode will insert
          *:SERIES1_L2

‘C-c C-b, M-x gtypist-mode-insert-banner’
     This command inserts a centered ‘B:’ command.  It’s centered on 66
     columns because “gtypist <version>” is in the right corner (prompts
     for content).

‘C-c C-r, M-x gtypist-mode-insert-hrule’
     Inserts a horizontal rule (comment) consisting of dashes.

‘C-c C-n, M-x gtypist-mode-new-lesson’
     Insert the comments (header) and a label to start a new lesson
     (prompts for name).

‘C-c C-f, M-x gtypist-mode-fortune-to-drill’
     Insert a drill (‘D:’) with text from ‘fortune’ (or ‘yow’ if
     ‘fortune’ isn’t available).  Use ‘C-u’ prefix to get ‘S:’, and ‘C-u
     C-u’ to get ‘d:’.

Run ‘C-h m’ for a complete list of commands and their keybindings.

   If you find bugs or if you think there’s something else this mode
could do, please write to <bug-gtypist@gnu.org>.


File: gtypist.info,  Node: VIM Syntax highlighting,  Next: Environment Variables,  Prev: Emacs mode,  Up: Top

10 VIM Syntax highlighting
**************************

File ‘tools/gtypist.vim’ provides vim syntax highlighting for gtypist
lesson files (vim 5.x, 6.x and 7.x (and higher)).

   To install it for version 5.x (or any version on Windows), copy the
file to where the syntax-files go (for example
‘/usr/share/vim/vim56/syntax/’ for Vim 5.6; if everything else fails you
can search for e.g.  ‘xml.vim’) and add this to ‘~/.vimrc’
(‘$HOME/_vimrc’ on Windows):
     autocmd BufNewFile,BufRead *.typ set ft=gtypist

   Installation for Vim >= 6.x is simpler: first create
‘~/.vim/syntax/’: ‘mkdir -p ~/.vim/syntax’ and put ‘tools/gtypist.vim’
in there.  Finally add this to ‘~/.vimrc’:

     autocmd BufNewFile,BufRead *.typ setf gtypist

   In case you are using the debian package, ‘gtypist.vim’ will already
be installed for you, but you need to enable it explicitly:
     sudo apt-get install vim-addon-manager
     vim-addons install gtypist

   In any case, make sure that the ‘vimrc’ file has the following
command at the top ahead of all other ‘autocmd’-commands:

     autocmd!  " Remove ALL autocommands for the current group

   (which avoids problems if ‘vimrc’ is sourced more than once).  And if
you haven\’t done it already, you need to enable syntax highlighting
(this may need to be _before_ the autocmd ...  gtypist).

     syntax on " turn on syntax highlighting

   You can verify that ‘tools/gtypist.vim’ is active by running ‘:set
ft?’ in vim, which should return _filetype=gtypist_.

All of this is also mentioned in the README-section of
‘tools/gtypist.vim’.


File: gtypist.info,  Node: Environment Variables,  Next: Errors and omissions,  Prev: VIM Syntax highlighting,  Up: Top

11 Environment Variables
************************

GNU Typist uses the following environment variables:

‘LANG’

     GNU Typist offers Native Language Support (NLS) with support of the
     gettext library, this means that if your system supports it, the
     language of the messages shown by gtypist can be chosen.  By now
     gtypist is distributed with messages in English, Czech, Finnish,
     French, German and Spanish.  To use a particular NLS use the
     environment variable LANG and set it to the appropriate ‘LL_CC’
     combination where ‘LL’ is an ISO 639 two-letter language code and
     ‘CC’ is an ISO 3166 two-letter country code (e.g.  ‘es_ES’ for
     Spain and ‘de_DE’ for Germany).  In some systems it will be also
     necessary to set the environment variable LANGUAGE to the same
     value.

     If you want to translate messages to a different language (or if
     you want to correct a message), please communicate it to
     <bug-gtypist@gnu.org>.

‘GTYPIST_PATH’
     Lists the directories that the program will look in for script
     files.  It has the standard format for paths, that is, a list of
     directories separated by ‘:’s.  To open a script, gtypist will try
     the following paths: (1) to use the script name alone (2) it will
     append each one of the directories specified in the variable
     ‘GTYPIST_PATH’ and (3) it will append the directory used during the
     installation process (e.g.  ‘/usr/local/share/gtypist’ or
     ‘/usr/share/gtypist’).

‘TERM’
     Used by curses to manage the display.

‘TERMINFO’
     This may need to be set if the path to the ‘terminfo’ database is
     different between the system the binary was compiled on and the one
     it is being run on.  For example, in older Slackware systems, the
     terminfo database resides in ‘/usr/lib/terminfo’.  On RedHat Linux,
     it is in ‘/usr/share/terminfo’.  If the program complains about the
     terminal type, and the value of ‘TERM’ is correct, check into this.


File: gtypist.info,  Node: Errors and omissions,  Next: History,  Prev: Environment Variables,  Up: Top

12 Errors and omissions
***********************

GNU Typist does not go to much effort to minimize terminal output.  In
particular, the flashing block cursor can cause a lot of cursor
movement.  Using the terminal’s own cursor will help if this becomes a
problem.

   In speed tests, the program does not allow backspacing or deletion
past the beginning of the screen line, or back through Tab characters.
This is purely to simplify screen updating.

   Colour curses modes do not seem to work well with UnixWare.  In
particular, reverse video is not always rendered correctly on some
terminal types, and xterms.

   Please see the TODO file in the source distribution for more things
that need to be fixed.


File: gtypist.info,  Node: History,  Next: Copying this manual,  Prev: Errors and omissions,  Up: Top

Appendix A History of GNU Typist
********************************

   • The initial program was written for VAX/VMS BASIC by someone at
     Harris Corp (Ft.  Lauderdale, FL).
   • D. Jason Penney <penneyj@slc.com> rewrote it for Microsoft BASICA
   • D. Jason Penney <penneyj@slc.com> rewrote it in C and the curses
     library
   • Simon Baldwin <simonb@sco.com> rewrote the version of D. Jason
     Penney, his innovations are described in the NEWS file (versions
     2.2 to 2.2b).  He is the holder of the copyright for GNU Typist
     (that is distributed under the GPL). Simon also wrote a version of
     Typist in Java that initially he called JTypist but that now is
     called Typist again:

     <http://www.geocities.com/simon_baldwin/typist/>
   • Since 1997, Ben Armstrong <synrg@sanctuary.nslug.ns.ca> has helped
     by fixing bugs and maintaining a Debian package
     (http://packages.debian.org/gtypist/).
   • In 2000, Vladimir Támara <vtamara@users.sourceforge.net> and Igor
     Támara <ikks@users.sourceforge.net> became the maintainers of the C
     version.  Before November 2000, GNU Typist was maintained as part
     of the Structio project.
   • November 2000, accepted as a GNU package!  Renamed to GNU Typist
     (or gtypist).
   • In May 2001, Michael Opdenacker <michaelo@gnu.org>, who learned
     touch typing with GNU Typist, became the new maintainer.  Project
     development is now hosted on
     <http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/gtypist/>.
   • In June 2001, Felix Natter <fnatter@gmx.net> joined and made major
     contributions to the project: lesson imports from other tutors,
     tool enhancements, new tutorial capabilities, , Emacs mode, arrow
     key based interface, and many more!
   • In 2003, Dmitry Rutsky <rutsky@school.ioffe.rssi.ru> joined joined
     the development team and brought in a dramatic number ideas, hacks
     and improvements, and he’s not done yet!
   • In April 2008, Paul Goins <general@vultaire.net> took over as
     maintainer of GNU Typist, adding a few enhancements (especially
     building under Windows with MinGW), making some documentation
     updates and changing the license to GPL version 3.
   • In December 2010, Tim Marston <edam@waxworlds.org> took over as
     maintainer of GNU Typist, adding some enhancements and support for
     the Colemak keyboard layout.


File: gtypist.info,  Node: Copying this manual,  Prev: History,  Up: Top

Appendix B GNU Free Documentation License
*****************************************

                      Version 1.2, November 2002

     Copyright © 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA

     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
     of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

  0. PREAMBLE

     The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
     functional and useful document “free” in the sense of freedom: to
     assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
     with or without modifying it, either commercially or
     noncommercially.  Secondarily, this License preserves for the
     author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
     being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

     This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative
     works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
     It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
     license designed for free software.

     We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
     free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
     free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
     that the software does.  But this License is not limited to
     software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
     of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.  We
     recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
     instruction or reference.

  1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

     This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
     that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
     be distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice
     grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
     to use that work under the conditions stated herein.  The
     “Document”, below, refers to any such manual or work.  Any member
     of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as “you”.  You accept
     the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
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     A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the
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     A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section
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  2. VERBATIM COPYING

     You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
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  3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

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  4. MODIFICATIONS

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     the Modified Version:

       A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
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       B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
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       C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
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       D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

       E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
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       F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
          notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
          Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
          the Addendum below.

       G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
          Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s
          license notice.

       H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

       I. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title,
          and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
          authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
          Title Page.  If there is no section Entitled “History” in the
          Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
          publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
          an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
          previous sentence.

       J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
          for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
          likewise the network locations given in the Document for
          previous versions it was based on.  These may be placed in the
          “History” section.  You may omit a network location for a work
          that was published at least four years before the Document
          itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
          to gives permission.

       K. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”,
          Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
          all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
          acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.

       L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
          in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers or the
          equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.

       M. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”.  Such a section
          may not be included in the Modified Version.

       N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
          “Endorsements” or to conflict in title with any Invariant
          Section.

       O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

     If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
     appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
     material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
     some or all of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their
     titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s
     license notice.  These titles must be distinct from any other
     section titles.

     You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains
     nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
     parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
     been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of
     a standard.

     You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
     and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
     the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage
     of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
     through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document
     already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
     by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
     behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
     one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
     the old one.

     The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
     License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
     assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

  5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

     You may combine the Document with other documents released under
     this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
     modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
     of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
     unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
     combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
     their Warranty Disclaimers.

     The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
     multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
     copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
     but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
     by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
     original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
     unique number.  Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
     the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
     combined work.

     In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
     “History” in the various original documents, forming one section
     Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled
     “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”.  You
     must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”

  6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

     You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
     documents released under this License, and replace the individual
     copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
     that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
     rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
     in all other respects.

     You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
     distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
     a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
     License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
     document.

  7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

     A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
     separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
     storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the
     copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
     legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual
     works permit.  When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
     License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
     are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

     If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
     copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
     of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed
     on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
     electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
     form.  Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
     the whole aggregate.

  8. TRANSLATION

     Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
     distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
     4.  Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
     permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
     translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
     original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
     translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
     Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
     include the original English version of this License and the
     original versions of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a
     disagreement between the translation and the original version of
     this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
     prevail.

     If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”,
     “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to
     Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
     actual title.

  9. TERMINATION

     You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
     except as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other
     attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
     void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
     License.  However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
     from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated
     so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

  10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

     The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
     the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
     versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
     differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
     <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>.

     Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
     number.  If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
     version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you
     have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
     that specified version or of any later version that has been
     published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If the
     Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
     choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
     Software Foundation.

ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:

       Copyright (C)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
       Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
       under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
       or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
       with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
       Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
       Free Documentation License''.

   If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the “with...Texts.” line with this:

         with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
         the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
         being LIST.

   If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.

   If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
their use in free software.



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