This is gtypist.es.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.7 from
gtypist.es.texi.

Este es el manual de GNU Typist (versión 2.10.1, 31 January 2025), un
programa para aprender a mecanografiar en varios idiomas y con distintas
disposiciones de teclado.

   Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2011,
2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   Copyright © de la traducción 2010-11, TMJQ, SL.

     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
     document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
     Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
     Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
     and with no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in
     the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.
INFO-DIR-SECTION Education
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* GNU Typist (es): (gtypist.es). Documentación del tutor mecanográfico gtypist.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY


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GNU Typist, el tutor mecanográfico
**********************************

Este es el manual de GNU Typist (versión 2.10.1, 31 January 2025), un
programa para aprender a mecanografiar en varios idiomas y con distintas
disposiciones de teclado.

   Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2011,
2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   Copyright © de la traducción 2010-11, TMJQ, SL.

     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
     document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
     Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
     Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
     and with no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in
     the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.

   GNU Typist es un tutor interactivo de mecanografiado que ayuda a
escribir correctamente.  Tiene varias lecciones para diversas
disposiciones de teclado y en diferentes idiomas.  Las lecciones de
gtypist se describen en un lenguaje de script de fácil aprendizaje que
el usuario puede emplear para modificar las lecciones existentes o crear
nuevas.

* Menu:

* Distribucion::            Localizar gtypist: fuentes, paquetes, etc.
* Copiado::                 La Licencia Pública General de GNU explica
                              cómo se puede copiar y compartir gtypist
* Introduccion::            Conceptos importantes para el usuario
* Invocacion::                Cómo se invoca gtypist
* Lecciones suministradas:: Descripción general de las lecciones
                              contenidas en la distribución de gtypist
* Uso de typefortune::      Prácticas con textos de ‘fortune’
                              (requiere perl)
* Sintaxis de las lecciones::    La sintaxis de las lecciones de gtypist
* Lecciones nuevas::        Cómo contribuir lecciones nuevas
* Modo para Emacs::         Modo Emacs para la edición de los ficheros gtypist
* Variables de entorno::    Variables de entorno que afectan a gtypist
* Errores y omisiones::     Problemas conocidos
* Historia::                Historia de GNU Typist
* Copia del manual::        La Licencia de Documentación Pública de GNU


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Distribución
************

GNU Typist (o gtypist) es “software libre”; esto significa que cualquier
persona es libre de usarlo y libre de redistribuirlo bajo ciertas
condiciones.  Las condiciones precisas se establecen en la Licencia
General Pública de GNU que viene con este programa y sigue a esta
sección.

GNU Typist se puede obtener de un amigo o de Internet:

Sitio de distribución oficial
     <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gtypist/>

Página web oficial
     <http://www.gnu.org/software/gtypist/gtypist.html>

Página web oficial replicada en castellano
     <http://gnu.manticore.es/paginas-replica/gtypist/gtypist.es.html>

Manual en la web (en inglés)
     <http://www.gnu.org/software/gtypist/doc/gtypist.html>

Manual en la web (en español)
     <http://www.manticore.es/cgi-bin/info2html.cgi?(gtypist.es-utf8)Top>

Página web de la sección de desarrollo (repositorio Git, tareas, asistencia...)
     <http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/gtypist/>


File: gtypist.es.info,  Node: Copiado,  Next: Introduccion,  Prev: Distribucion,  Up: Top

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
**************************

                        Version 3, 29 June 2007

     Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>

     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
     license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Preamble
========

The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software
and other kinds of works.

   The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
to take away your freedom to share and change the works.  By contrast,
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   Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps:
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   For the developers’ and authors’ protection, the GPL clearly explains
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   Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run
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TERMS AND CONDITIONS
====================

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  3. Protecting Users’ Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law.

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     products or compilations that contain the covered work, unless you
     entered into that arrangement, or that patent license was granted,
     prior to 28 March 2007.

     Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
     any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
     otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.

  12. No Surrender of Others’ Freedom.

     If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement
     or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they
     do not excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you
     cannot convey a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your
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     then as a consequence you may not convey it at all.  For example,
     if you agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for
     further conveying from those to whom you convey the Program, the
     only way you could satisfy both those terms and this License would
     be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.

  13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.

     Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
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  14. Revised Versions of this License.

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     If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
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  15. Disclaimer of Warranty.

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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
===========================

How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
=============================================

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
terms.

   To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
“copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

     ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES.
     Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR

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     WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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   Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper
mail.

   If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

     PROGRAM Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR
     This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type ‘show w’.
     This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
     under certain conditions; type ‘show c’ for details.

   The hypothetical commands ‘show w’ and ‘show c’ should show the
appropriate parts of the General Public License.  Of course, your
program’s commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would
use an “about box”.

   You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or
school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if
necessary.  For more information on this, and how to apply and follow
the GNU GPL, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

   The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your
program into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine
library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
applications with the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the
GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License.  But first,
please read <http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.


File: gtypist.es.info,  Node: Introduccion,  Next: Invocacion,  Prev: Copiado,  Up: Top

1 Introducción
**************

GNU Typist es un programa tutor interactivo de mecanografiado.  Emplea
un fichero de entrada para crear una serie de tutorías de
mecanografiado, ejercicios y pruebas de velocidad.  Está pensado para su
uso en terminales sin gráficos.  Ha sido compilado y usado en GNU/Linux
y Unix (OpenBSD, AIX, Solaris) y también en DOS/Windows (DOS 6.22,
Windows 95, 98, NT y XP).

   El programa lee lecciones escritas en un lenguaje de script de fácil
aprendizaje.  Se distribuye con unas cuantas lecciones completas y de
calidad.  Se pueden usar como están, modificarlas o crear lecciones
nuevas (*note Lecciones nuevas:: y *note Sintaxis de las lecciones::).

   Si no se especifica un fichero de script en la línea de comandos, se
usará uno predeterminado ‘gtypist.typ’.  (Véanse los detalles acerca de
la ruta en la sección *note Variables de entorno::).

   La línea superior de la pantalla muestra una leyenda.  La línea
inferior muestra una línea de mensaje, consultas y otra información de
estado.  Las líneas intermedias se usan para las tutorías, los
ejercicios y las pruebas de velocidad.

   Existen dos tipos de ejercicios de tecleado: “entrenamientos” y
“pruebas de velocidad”.

   En un “entrenamiento”, gtypist muestra texto cada dos líneas de la
pantalla y espera que el usuario teclee correctamente el mismo texto
exacto en las líneas intermedias.  Los errores de mecanografiado se
indican con un ‘^’ inverso, o ‘>’ si el carácter es un salto de línea y
al final del ejercicio calcula la tasa real y efectiva de palabras por
minuto (WPM).  Si hubiera demasiados errores, se re-ejecutará el
entrenamiento.

   No se permite la corrección de errores cometidos.

   En las pruebas de velocidad, gtypist muestra texto en la pantalla, y
espera a que el usuario sobre-escriba correctamente el mismo texto
exacto.  Indica los errores mecanográficos y al final de la prueba
calcula la tasa real y efectiva en WPM.  Si hubiera demasiados errores,
se re-ejecuta la prueba de velocidad.  Se permite la corrección de
errores cometidos, pero aún así se acumulan.

   Si ya se han cometido demasiadas equivocaciones, se puede usar <ESC>
para salir y comenzar de nuevo.  La manera de saltarse una lección es
presionar dos veces <ESC>.  Cuando se completa una lección, se le
pregunta al usuario si quiere repetirla.

   También hay unos ejercicios de “sólo prácticas” (tanto entrenamientos
como pruebas de velocidad) que no se querrán repetir.  Pero no decimos
cuándo se presentan, así que habrá que seguir intentando superarse ;-)

   En los informes de velocidad de escritura, se considera que una
“palabra” tiene cinco caracteres, así que las WPM son el número de
caracteres del pasaje de la prueba dividido por cinco y nuevamente
dividido por la cantidad de minutos transcurridos en su escritura.  Cada
error se cuenta como una palabra mal escrita.

   Si se prefiere, la velocidad se puede mostrar en Pulsaciones por
Minuto (CPM) (caracteres por minuto, en inglés).  Esto se puede
especificar con “–scoring=cpm” en la línea de comandos.

   [NdT: en España nunca he oído hablar de “palabras por minuto”,
siempre de “pulsaciones por minuto”.  La obligación de especificar esa
opción en la línea de comandos es engorrosa para aquellos que sólo
cuentan ppm.  Lo propio es que hubiera un fichero de configuración o
alguna otra vía para elegir de manera permanente.]


File: gtypist.es.info,  Node: Invocacion,  Next: Lecciones suministradas,  Prev: Introduccion,  Up: Top

2 Invocación
************

La sintaxis para invocar GNU Typist es:

   ‘gtypist [ Opciones... ] [ fichero ]’

   A continuación se dan las opciones existentes (su forma larga no se
admite en DOS):

‘-e, --max-error’
     Especifica el porcentaje de error máximo.  El valor predeterminado
     es 3.0 y debe estar entre 0.0 y 100.0.  Existe un comando de
     fichero de script (*note Sintaxis de las lecciones::) que sólo
     sobre-escribe esto si es _estrictamente_ (menor).  Este valor se
     ignora en los ejercicios de “sólo práctica”.

‘-n, --notimer’
     Gtypist muestra la velocidad de escritura en WPM después de los
     tests de prácticas y de velocidad.  Sin embargo, las lecciones
     parecen haber sido escritas para un programa que sólo hace esto
     para tests de velocidad.  Para hacer que gtypist se comporte de
     manera que concuerde con las lecciones, esto es, para suprimir los
     informes de WPM en las prácticas, se usa ‘-n’ o ‘--notimer’.

‘-t, --term-cursor’
     Gtypist crea su propio cursor parpadeante de bloque en la pantalla,
     para ayudar a distinguir entre el cursor y las indicaciones de
     error de vídeo inverso.  Si se establece ‘-t’ o ‘--term-cursor’ se
     suprime esto y fuerza al programa a usar el cursor de la terminal.

‘-f, --curs-flash’
     Establece el periodo de parpadeo del cursor de bloque en décimas de
     segundo.  El valor 0 indica que no haya parpadeo.  El
     predeterminado es 10 y el máximo 512.  Esta opción queda ignorada
     si se han establecido ‘-t’ o ‘--term-cursor’.

‘-c, --colo[u]rs’
     En su estado normal, gtypist sólo usa atributos de vídeo normal e
     inverso en modo monocromo.  Esta opción se puede usar para
     especificar en este orden los colores delantero y de fondo en
     terminales que admitan colores.  Estos se especifican como dos
     enteros, en el intervalo entre 0 y 7, separados por comas.  Los
     códigos de color del 0 al 7 indican negro, rojo, verde, amarillo,
     azul, magenta, cian y blanco, respectivamente.  La cadena de
     colores predeterminada es 7,0 (blanco sobre negro).  Se ignora esta
     opción si la terminal no admite colores.

‘-s, --silent’
     Cuando gtypist detecta un error mecanográfico, sonará la terminal.
     Esta opción se usa para silenciarla.

‘-q, --quiet’
     Lo mismo que ‘-s’ o ‘--silent’.

‘-l, --start-label’
     Especifica la etiqueta del fichero de script en la que gtypist
     comienza la ejecución (hay información acerca de las etiquetas más
     abajo, donde se habla de los ficheros de script y de los comandos).
     Si esta opción no se usa, gtypist comienza la ejecución en la
     primera línea del fichero.

‘-w, --word-processor’
     Con esta opción, gtypist procura imitar a los procesadores de texto
     en ciertas maneras cuando ejecuta un ejercicio.  Tratará el espacio
     al final de una línea como un carácter tecleado correctamente y con
     ajuste de párrafo.  Tratará la tecla Retorno al final de una línea
     como señal de que se mueva al comienzo del siguiente párrafo si
     fuera de aplicación.  Comprimirá los espacios múltiples en uno
     solo.  Y se saltará sobre los guiones que encuentre al final de
     línea.

‘-k, --no-skip’
     Prohíbe al usuario saltarse las lecciones o salir de ellas por
     medio de <ESC ESC>.

‘-i, --show-errors’
     Resalta los errores con vídeo inverso.

‘-S, --always-sure’
     Salta las preguntas de confirmación.

‘--banner-colo[u]rs’
     Cambia el color de las leyendas situadas en la parte superior de la
     pantalla.  Los valores de color son los mismos que los del comando
     –colo[u]rs.  El predeterminado es 0,6,5,1; delantero en negro,
     fondo en cian, nombre de programa en magenta y nombre de la versión
     en rojo.

‘--scoring’
     Cambia la manera de medición.  Puede ser WPM y CPM, siendo la
     predeterminada la WPM.

También se puede establecer la variable de entorno ‘LANG’ si se desea
ejecutar gtypist en el idioma nativo.  *Note Variables de entorno::.

En algunos idiomas como el español, los mensajes de la interfaz suelen
ser más largos que en inglés.  Por tanto, quizás sea necesario agrandar
la terminal antes de invocar el programa.  De lo contrario, el texto de
abajo a la izquierda puede solaparse con la cadena de abajo a la
derecha.

   *Ejemplos:*

Para ejecutar las lecciones predeterminadas ‘gtypist.typ’:
‘gtypist’

Para ejecutar la lección en español:
‘gtypist esp.typ’

Para indicarle a gtypist que busque una lección bar.typ en un directorio
no estándar ‘/home/foo’:
‘export GTYPIST_PATH="/home/foo"’ ‘gtypist bar.typ’

Para ejecutar las lecciones del fichero ‘test.typ’ del directorio
‘/tmp’, comenzando con la etiqueta ‘TEST1’ y empleando el cursor de la
terminal de manera silenciosa:
‘gtypist -t -q -l TEST1 /tmp/test.typ’


File: gtypist.es.info,  Node: Lecciones suministradas,  Next: Uso de typefortune,  Prev: Invocacion,  Up: Top

3 Lecciones suministradas
*************************

GNU Typist viene con las siguientes lecciones:
‘q.typ’
     Curso rápido de QWERTY en inglés.
‘r.typ’
     Curso largo de QWERTY en inglés.
‘t.typ’
     Mecanografía al tacto QWERTY en inglés.
‘v.typ’
     Otro QWERTY en inglés.
‘w.typ’
     Repaso de QWERTY en inglés.
‘d.typ’
     Mecanografía al tacto Dvorak en inglés.
‘m.typ’
     Entrenamiento mecanográfico en inglés.
‘s.typ’
     Entrenamiento de velocidad en inglés.
‘n.typ’
     Teclado numérico en inglés.
‘gtypist.typ’
     Compendio de todas las lecciones anteriores en inglés.
‘esp.typ’
     Curso QWERTY en español.
‘cs.typ’
     Lecciones en checo.
‘ru.typ’
     Lecciones en ruso.
‘kt*.typ’
     Estas lecciones son las estándares de KTouch 24.05.2
     (https://invent.kde.org/education/ktouch), convertidas a formato de
     fichero gtypist mediante ‘tools/ktouch2typ.pl’.

     Los ficheros se llaman: ‘ktbg.typ’ (‘bulgarian.ktouch.xml’),
     ‘ktbr.typ’ (‘blazilian.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktcz.typ’
     (‘czech.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktde.typ’ (‘german.ktouch.xml’),
     ‘ktdvorak.typ’ (‘dvorak.ktouch.xml’), ‘kten_gb.typ’
     (‘british_english.ktouch.xml’), ‘kten_us.typ’
     (‘us_english.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktes1.typ’ (‘spanish1.ktouch.xml’),
     ‘ktes2.typ’ (‘spanish2.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktes3.typ’
     (‘spanish3.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktes_cat.typ’ (‘catalan.ktouch.xml’),
     ‘ktfi.typ’ (‘finnish.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktfr.typ’
     (‘french.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktgr.typ’ (‘greek.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktit.typ’
     (‘italian.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktnl.typ’ (‘nederlands.ktouch.xml’),
     ‘ktnl_junior.typ’ (‘nederlands_junior.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktno.typ’
     (‘norwegian.ktouch.xml’), ‘ktru.typ’ (‘russian.ktouch.xml’),
     ‘ktru_long.typ’ (‘russian_long.ktouch.xml’), ‘kttr.typ’
     (‘turkish.ktouch.xml’),

De encontrarse errores en estas lecciones, o si se corrigen de algún
modo o se escriben lecciones nuevas, rogamos que se publiquen con una
licencia libre y nos lo comuniquen a <bug-gtypist@gnu.org>.


File: gtypist.es.info,  Node: Uso de typefortune,  Next: Sintaxis de las lecciones,  Prev: Lecciones suministradas,  Up: Top

4 Uso de ‘typefortune’
**********************

‘typefortune’ permite practicar con textos del programa ‘fortune’.

   ‘SYNTAX: typefortune [-dslh] [-n count] [-o <gtypist_opts>]’

‘-d’
     Usa ‘D:’ en vez de ‘S:’.

‘-s’
     Ejecuta ‘fortune’ con ‘-s’.

‘-l’
     Ejecuta ‘fortune’ con ‘-l’.

‘-n CANTIDAD’
     Practica esa CANTIDAD de fortunas.

‘-o OPCIÓN’
     Pasa opciones a ‘gtypist’, en la forma OPCIÓN (opción booleana,
     e.d.  ‘-o word-processor’), OPCIÓN,VALOR (opción con valor, e.d.
     ‘-o e,1.0’) donde la OPCIÓN es el nombre de la opción (corta o
     larga) removidos todos los guiones antepuestos.  Hace falta
     entrecomillar el argumento de ‘-o’ si se va a especificar más de
     uno: ‘typefortune -n 3 -o 'silent e,5 word-processor'’.


File: gtypist.es.info,  Node: Sintaxis de las lecciones,  Next: Lecciones nuevas,  Prev: Uso de typefortune,  Up: Top

5 Comandos del fichero de script
********************************

GNU Typist lee los datos de sus lecciones de mecanografía desde un
fichero.  Con la excepción de los comentarios y de las líneas en blanco,
cada línea del fichero está en el formato

   ‘carácter_del_comando : datos_del_comando’

Aquí, ‘carácter_del_comando’ es un código de carácter único que define
una acción que ha de hacer gtypist, y ‘datos_del_comando’ son los datos
para ese comando.  Si ‘carácter_del_comando’ es un carácter de espacio,
eso indica que la línea es continuación del comando precedente que no
sea un espacio.  El separador ‘:’ debe estar en la columna dos de la
línea.

   Las líneas de comentarios son aquellas que comienzan con un carácter
‘#’ y se ignoran, como se hace igualmente con las líneas en blanco.  Las
líneas de comentario pueden tener cualquier formato siempre que
comiencen con ‘#’; las líneas restantes deben tener el formato de
arriba.

   Será conveniente leer la introducción para familiarizarse con los
fundamentos: *Note Introduccion::.

   La siguiente es la lista de valores ‘carácter_del_comando’ válidos:

‘B’
     Este comando limpia la pantalla entera.  Si hay presente algún
     ‘datos_del_comando’, se muestra en la leyenda de una línea que hay
     en la parte superior de la pantalla y permanece ahí hasta el
     siguiente comando ‘B’.  Este comando no se puede continuar en la
     línea siguiente; es un comando de una sola línea.

‘T’
     Presenta una tutoría y se trata de un comando multi-línea, hasta el
     límite de la longitud de la pantalla.  Cada línea del comando
     simplemente se imprime en la pantalla.  Este comando limpia toda la
     pantalla por debajo de la línea de la leyenda superior.  Después de
     producirse la visualización, el programa espera antes de proceder.

‘*’
     Esto indica una etiqueta en el fichero.  La etiqueta puede ser el
     destino de un comando ‘G’, ‘Y’, ‘N’ o ‘F’.  Las etiquetas pueden
     contener cualesquier caracteres, incluso espacios, y son comandos
     de una sola línea.  Han de ser únicas dentro de los ficheros de
     lecciones.  Se ignora el espacio en blanco al final de las
     etiquetas.

‘I’
     El comando ‘I’ puede mostrar algunas breves instrucciones por
     encima de un entrenamiento o prueba de velocidad.  Sólo se permite
     como máximo dos líneas.  A diferencia del comando ‘T’, no espera
     por ninguna otra pulsación de tecla antes de proceder.  Así que
     realmente siempre le debería seguir un ejercicio.  Limpia el área
     entera de ejercicios de la pantalla, así que en este sentido es
     como un ‘T’ de dos líneas.

‘M’
     Este comando es la nueva vía para crear menús (desde gtypist 2.7).
     Esta es la sintaxis:

          M: [UP=ETIQUETA_DE-RETORNO|_EXIT] "título"
           :ETIQUETA1 "elemento1"
           :ETIQUETA2 "elemento2"
           ...

     Esto muestra un menú conveniente compuesto por los elementos
     especificados y deja que el usuario elija uno de ellos.  Si se
     selecciona un elemento, gtypist continúa la ejecución del script a
     partir de la etiqueta correspondiente.  Si se presionó la tecla
     Escape y la etiqueta ‘UP’ está definida, gtypist va igualmente a la
     etiqueta ‘UP’, o sale de allí, si hay un ‘``_EXIT''’ en lugar de la
     etiqueta.  Si la etiqueta ‘UP’ no está definida, gtypist intenta
     regresar al menú anterior y salta a la última etiqueta encontrada
     en el script anterior al comando ‘M’ previo.  Si no hubiera tal
     etiqueta y se mostró algún menú antes del actual, gtypist se
     limitará a ir al comienzo del script.  Si no se cumple ninguna de
     las condiciones anteriores, gtypist sale del script.

     Los detalles de arriba hacen natural la creación de jerarquías de
     menús sin tener que usar etiquetas ‘UP’.

     El título y todas las descripciones deben encerrarse entre comillas
     ("").  Además debe haber como mínimo un espacio entre ‘UP=XXX’ y
     "título" y entre las etiquetas y las descripciones
     correspondientes.

     Este comando se introdujo como una vía para disponer fácilmente
     diversas partes de los ficheros de lecciones en una única jerarquía
     de menú, así como reemplazo para los antiguos menús de la tecla
     ‘F’.  Hay ejemplos en los ficheros de lecciones.

‘D,d’
     Este comando se llama “entrenamiento” y es uno de los dos tipos de
     ejercicios mecanográficos.

     Es un comando multi-línea.  El texto se muestra en cada línea
     alterna, y el usuario escribe en las intermedias.  Debido a ello,
     no se puede usar más de 11 líneas de contenido.

     Este tipo de ejercicio se supone que está para el entrenamiento de
     los dedos (e.d.  jfjfjjf), pero también puede contener palabras y
     frases completas si se usan para practicar algo (e.d.  una
     letra/sílaba/"grip") y no son textos reales.

     La versión en minúscula ‘d’ es un entrenamiento de “sólo práctica”;
     el usuario no tiene que repetirlo si tiene demasiadas
     equivocaciones.

‘S,s’
     Este es el segundo tipo de ejercicio de mecanografía: la “prueba de
     velocidad”.

     Es un comando multi-línea.  Muestra su texto en pantalla y le pide
     al usuario que escriba sobre él.  Es el motivo por lo que se puede
     tener hasta 22 líneas de texto en estos ejercicios.  En las pruebas
     de velocidad se pueden corregir los fallos, pero con ello no se
     disminuye la cuenta de errores.

     Las pruebas de velocidad se deberían usar para mecanografiar
     (principalmente) frases completas, textos o ficheros (e.d.  cartas,
     ficheros texinfo/html/tex).

     La versión en minúscula ‘s’ es una “prueba de velocidad de sólo
     práctica”: el usuario no tiene que repetirla en el caso de cometer
     demasiados fallos.

‘G’
     Causa que ‘gtypist’ vaya a la etiqueta que hay en
     ‘datos_del_comando’ y continúe allí la ejecución del script.
     Consiste en una única línea de comandos.

‘Q’
     Este comando presenta un texto en la línea de mensajes y espera por
     una respuesta de <Y> o <N> antes de proceder.  Se ignora el resto
     de caracteres.

     Como efecto colateral, se puede presionar una tecla de función si
     está asociada (una vía ya desaconsejada de crear el indicador de
     los menús).

‘Y’
     Es como ‘G’, excepto que el goto se ejecuta sólo si el resultado
     del último comando ‘Q’ fue <Y>.

‘N’
     Es como ‘G’, excepto que el goto se ejecuta sólo si el resultado
     del último comando ‘Q’ fue <N>.

‘K’
     _Esta comando está desaconsejado en favor de ‘M’:_ Este comando
     asocia una tecla de función a una etiqueta.  El formato de la línea
     de datos que sigue a este comando debe ser ‘fkey_number:label’,
     donde ‘fkey_number’ es el número de una tecla de función entre 1 y
     12, y ‘label’ es una etiqueta a la que ir cuando se presiona este
     tecla.  Si la etiqueta tiene el valor NULL, se elimina cualquier
     asociación que la tecla tenga con alguna etiqueta.

     Si las teclas de función no están disponibles en la terminal, se
     pueden usar otras teclas: de <1> a <9> para reemplazar de <F1> a
     <F9>, <0> para reemplazar <F10>, <A> para <F11> y <S> para <F12>.

     Otras alternativas para las teclas <F1>-<F12> son las
     combinaciones: <Ctrl-Q>, <Ctrl-W>, <Ctrl-E>, <Ctrl-R>, <Ctrl-T>,
     <Ctrl-Z>, <Ctrl-U>, <Ctrl-I>, <Ctrl-O>, <Ctrl-P>, <Ctrl-A> y
     <Ctrl-S>.

     Esto también es útil cuando las teclas de función quedan
     interceptadas por otros programas (por ejemplo, algunos gestores de
     ventanas).

‘E’
     Este comando se usa para establecer la tasa máxima de error
     permitida para el siguiente entrenamiento (‘E:<value>%’) o para
     todas las prácticas posteriores hasta la siguiente ‘E:’
     (‘E:<value>%*’).

     Si se especifica ‘--max-error/-e’, entonces este comando sólo surte
     efecto si es ——–> _stricter_ que el valor especificado en la línea
     de comandos.

     Los ‘datos_del_comando’ consisten en el valor (entre 0.0 y 100.0),
     seguido de ‘%’ (se requiere para que los scripts sean más
     legibles).  La palabra ‘default’ o ‘Default’ lo re-establece en su
     valor predeterminado.

‘F’
     Este comando (“etiqueta de al-fallar”) se usa para decidir la
     etiqueta (en ‘datos_del_comando’) a donde el usuario habrá de ir si
     falla un ejercicio.

     Lo habitual es que este comando sólo sea de aplicación en el
     ejercicio siguiente, pero el usuario puede convertirlo en
     persistente si pone un ‘*’ al final de los ‘datos_del_comando’.

     Si se pone NULL, esto reinicia la etiqueta.

‘X’
     Este comando causa que Gtypist finalice.  Es de una sola línea.  Se
     ignoran los ‘datos_del_comando’.  El programa también finaliza si
     se encuentra el final del fichero (así que también se podría poner
     una etiqueta allí y simplemente hacer ‘G’ en ella)

   Este es un script de ejemplo para mostrar los comandos disponibles en
el fichero de lección (‘tinydemo.typ’):

     # Demostración mínima
     B: Demostración del tutor mecanográfico
     *:LOOP
     K:1:QDONE
     T:Este es un pequeño ejemplo de tutoría. Un ejemplo
      :mejor se encuentra en el fichero demo.typ que
      :acompaña a GNU Typist
     I:Este es un ejemplo de un ejercicio:
     D:asdf ghjkl;
     I:Y este lo es de una prueba de velocidad:
     S:qwe rt yu iop
     *:QDONE
     Q:¿Ha visto suficiente? [Y/N]
     N:LOOP
     X:


File: gtypist.es.info,  Node: Lecciones nuevas,  Next: Modo para Emacs,  Prev: Sintaxis de las lecciones,  Up: Top

6 Creación de lecciones nuevas
******************************

Esta sección proporciona indicaciones y sugerencias para la creación de
lecciones nuevas (o la mejora de las existentes).

* Menu:

* Lecciones Ktouch::        Generación de lecciones a partir de
                              ejercicios Ktouch
* Ejercicios de fortune::   Creación de ejercicios y pruebas de
                              velocidad a partir de galletitas de
                              la fortuna
* Patrones para lecciones:: Patrones de diseño para las lecciones
* Findwords::		    Un script simple que facilita
                              encontrar palabras con ciertas letras


File: gtypist.es.info,  Node: Lecciones Ktouch,  Prev: Ejercicios de fortune,  Up: Lecciones nuevas

6.1 Lecciones Ktouch
====================

Una vía muy fácil de escribir lecciones es hacerlo en el formato que
emplea ‘ktouch’ y después convertirlas a lecciones de Gtypist usando
‘tools/ktouch2typ.pl’.  Este programa se cuida de escribir las “tablas
de saltos”, un menú y un poco más.

   El formato ktouch consiste sólo en lecciones, que están precedidas
por sus nombres y separadas por líneas en blanco y/o comentarios (‘#’ al
principio de las líneas).  Así que la primera línea del fichero que no
esté en blanco y no sea un comentario es el nombre de la primera lección
y esta primera lección consiste en todas las líneas hasta la siguiente
que sea un comentario o esté en blanco.  Tras el separador (comentario o
línea en blanco) sigue el nombre de la segunda lección y así
sucesivamente.

   Esta es una muestra de un fichero ktouch con tres lecciones
(extraídas de las tres primeras lecciones de ‘german.ktouch’):

     #
     # Deutsche Training-Datei für KTouch
     #

     Grundstellung
     f f f f f f fff fff fff f f f f f f fff fff fff f f f f f f f fff
     j j j j j j jjj jjj jjj j j j j j j jjj jjj jjj j j j j j j j jjj
     fff jjj fff jjj jjj fff jjj fff fjf fjf fjf jfj jfj jfj fjf jfjfj

     Grundstellung
     fff jjj ddd kkk aaa ööö fff jjj ddd kkk aaa ööö fff jjj ddd kkkff
     fda jkö fda jkö fda jkö fda jkö fda jkö fda jkö fda jkö fda jköfd
     s s s s s s sss sss sss s s s s s s sss sss sss s s s s s s s sss

     #Zwei wichtige Vokale: e und i
     e und i
     asdf ölkj fdsa jklö asdf ölkj fdsa jklö asdf ölkj fdsa jklö asdfö
     das dass lös fad dass lös als dass las lös fad dass als dass dass
     ded ded ded dej dek del deö ded deö del dek dej ded dej dek delde

   Una vez que esté hecha, se usa ‘tools/ktouch2typ.pl’ para convertir
el fichero : ‘ktouch2typ.pl lesson.ktouch’ convierte ‘lesson.ktouch’ en
‘lesson.typ’.  Es importante que el fichero de entrada finalice en
‘.ktouch’, de lo contrario ‘ktouch2typ.pl’ lo saltará.  Advertencia:
esto sobre-escribe ‘lesson.typ’ sin comunicarlo.

   Se puede personalizar el número de líneas que emplea ‘ktouch2typ.pl’
para cada práctica, modificando la variable pertinente en
‘tools/ktouch2typ.pl’.

   Obviamente, la desventaja de este método es que no se pueden
aprovechar todas las características de Gtypist (pero el fichero de
salida es muy legible, así que se puede editar para introducirle más
características del programa).


File: gtypist.es.info,  Node: Ejercicios de fortune,  Next: Lecciones Ktouch,  Prev: Patrones para lecciones,  Up: Lecciones nuevas

6.2 Ejercicios a partir de ‘fortune’
====================================

Con ‘gtypist-mode.el’ se pueden crear rápidamente lecciones con texto
del programa ‘fortune’ (o el interno de Emacs ‘yow’ si ni se tiene
‘fortune’, lo habitual en Windows).

   Una vez instalado ‘gtypist-mode.el’ (*note Modo para Emacs::), se
puede abrir un fichero con la extensión ‘.typ’ y ejecutar ‘C-c C-f’ para
crear una práctica (‘D:’ es la predeterminada, se usa ‘C-u’ o ‘C-u C-u’
para cambiarla).


File: gtypist.es.info,  Node: Patrones para lecciones,  Next: Ejercicios de fortune,  Prev: Findwords,  Up: Lecciones nuevas

6.3 Diseño de patrones para lecciones
=====================================

[NdT: aquí se mezcla el contenido normal de un manual de uso del
programa con asuntos específicos pedagógicos acerca de la mecanografía;
y se hace de manera pobre.  Sería preferible remitir a otro documento.]

6.3.1 Estructura de los ficheros de lecciones
---------------------------------------------

   • Empléese una mezcla de entrenamientos y pruebas de velocidad (más
     divertido para el usuario).

   • Algunos ejercicios de “sólo práctica” (‘d:’/‘s:’) (mezclados
     posiblemente con algunos ejercicios “reales”) seguidos por un “test
     final”.  ‘esp.typ’ emplea este esquema.

6.3.2 Patrones para ejercicios
------------------------------

   • Cuando se introduce una tecla nueva, se comienza mezclando otras
     teclas (ya conocidas) para el mismo dedo.  Este es un ejemplo de
     ‘t.typ’, línea 237:

          I:Emplee el dedo J para la tecla H.
          *:_T_R_L23
          D:jjj jhj jjj jhj jjj jhj

   • usar ’palabra, palabra.’ de manera repetida para practicar la ,/.


File: gtypist.es.info,  Node: Findwords,  Next: Patrones para lecciones,  Up: Lecciones nuevas

6.4 El script ‘findwords’
=========================

El script ‘tools/findwords’ que se encuentra en las fuentes de GNU
Typist está para asistir en la creación de lecciones nuevas.

6.4.1 Propósito
---------------

Al principio se crea un tutor desde cero, no es fácil formar palabras ni
frases cuando el intervalo de letras que se pueden usar está
restringido.  A veces se quiere insertar algún párrafo “destinado” a
alguna combinación especial de dos o tres letras.  Esto es incluso más
difícil.

   Por este motivo hemos creado ‘findwords’.  Este programa emplea los
diccionarios de ‘aspell’ (un corrector ortográfico multi-lingüe y
libre).

6.4.2 Instalación
-----------------

Se necesitan los paquetes ‘aspell’ y ‘aspell-LG’, donde LG es el código
de idioma ISO del idioma que se quiere usar.

   Tras su correcta instalación habrá que hacer un pequeño cambio en la
configuración para que el banco de datos maestro de aspell sea el del
idioma elegido.  Esto se puede hacer por dos vías:

  1. En el directorio personal se crea el fichero ‘.aspell.conf’ y se le
     añade esta línea:
     ‘master LANGUAGE’

  2. Se crea ‘/usr/share/pspell/LG-aspell.pwli’ y se le añade esta
     línea:
     ‘/usr/lib/aspell/LG’
     Hay que asegurarse de que el ajuste ‘locale’ es ‘LG’.

   En lo de arriba, LG significa código de idioma ISO (vg.  ‘en’, ‘fr’,
‘cs’) y LANGUAGE significa nombre del banco de datos que hay en
‘/usr/lib/aspell’ (vg.  ‘english.multi’, ‘french’, ‘czech’).

   Se puede verificar si funciona escribiendo:

     aspell dump master | less

6.4.3 Uso de ‘findwords’
------------------------

La sintaxis es como sigue:

   ‘./findwords LETRAS [COMBINACIÓN]’

   En el argumento LETRAS, obligatorio, se deben listar las letras que
se quieren usar, sin ningún espacio.  Si se pone un punto (‘.’) nos
referimos a ‘todas las letras’.  El segundo argumento, COMBINACIÓN, es
optativo y con él se especifican las combinaciones de teclas que se
están buscando.

   Algunos ejemplos:
   • ‘./findwords asdfjkleruio’
     Buscamos todas las palabras compuestas con las letras listadas.

   • ‘./findwords asdfjkleruio sa’
     Buscamos palabras que contengan la combinación ‘sa’, pero sólo
     aquellas compuestas con las letras especificadas.

   • ‘./findwords . col’
     Palabras que contengan todas las letras, pero que tengan ‘col’ en
     alguna parte dentro de ellas.


File: gtypist.es.info,  Node: Modo para Emacs,  Next: Variables de entorno,  Prev: Lecciones nuevas,  Up: Top

7 El modo para Emacs
********************

gtypist viene ahora con un modo mayor para Emacs que hace resaltado de
sintaxis, sangrado y posee algunos comandos convenientes para contar
etiquetas, ir a ellas, insertar leyendas centradas adecuadamente,
comentarios especiales y un poco más.

   Se copia el fichero ‘tools/gtypist-mode.el’ a donde sea que se tengan
los ficheros elisp locales (v.g.  ‘~/elisp’) y se pone esto en al
‘~/.emacs’ (adáptese la ruta):

     (autoload 'gtypist-mode "~/elisp/gtypist-mode")

   o se pone en la ‘load-path’ (‘make install’ en las fuentes o el
paquete Debian, que ya lo hace solo) y se usa esto:

     (autoload 'gtypist-mode "gtypist-mode")

   *y* se añade esto al ‘~/.emacs’:

     (setq auto-mode-alist
           (cons '("\\.typ\\'" . gtypist-mode) auto-mode-alist))

Todo esto también se menciona en la sección README del fichero
‘tools/gtypist-mode.el’.

Estos son los comandos junto con sus asociaciones de teclas:

‘C-c C-i, M-x gtypist-mode-info’
     Con esto se muestra la documentación de gtypist, comenzando en el
     nodo “Sintaxis de las lecciones” (*note Sintaxis de las
     lecciones::).  Con prefijo, comienza en el nodo superior.

‘C-c M-g, M-x gtypist-mode-goto-label’
     Pide una etiqueta a la que ir (con completado).

‘C-c C-l, M-x gtypist-mode-next-label’
     Este comando inserta la siguiente etiqueta en una secuencia
     numerada.  Por ejemplo, si se inserta

          *:SERIES1_L1

     y se presiona ‘C-c C-l’, entonces el modo gtypist insertará

          *:SERIES1_L2

‘C-c C-b, M-x gtypist-mode-insert-banner’
     Este comando inserta un comando ‘B:’ centrado.  Se centra en 66
     columnas porque “gtypist <version>” está en la esquema derecha
     (pide el contenido).

‘C-c C-r, M-x gtypist-mode-insert-hrule’
     Inserta una línea horizontal (comentario) consistente en guiones.

‘C-c C-n, M-x gtypist-mode-new-lesson’
     Inserta los comentarios (cabecera) y una etiqueta para empezar una
     lección nueva (pide el nombre).

‘C-c C-f, M-x gtypist-mode-fortune-to-drill’
     Inserta un entrenamiento (‘D:’) con texto de ‘fortune’ (o ‘yow’ si
     ‘fortune’ no está disponible).  Se usa el prefijo ‘C-u’ para
     obtener ‘S:’, y ‘C-u C-u’ para obtener ‘d:’.

Ejecutando ‘C-h m’ se consigue la lista completa de comandos y sus
asociaciones de teclas.

   Quien localice fallos o piense que hay alguna otra cosa que podría
introducirse, puede escribir a <bug-gtypist@gnu.org>.


File: gtypist.es.info,  Node: Variables de entorno,  Next: Errores y omisiones,  Prev: Modo para Emacs,  Up: Top

8 Variables de entorno
**********************

GNU Typist emplea las siguientes variables de entorno:

‘LANG’

     GNU Typist ofrece soporte en idioma nativo (Native Language
     Support, NLS) mediante la biblioteca ‘gettext’, esto significa que
     si el sistema lo admite, se puede elegir el idioma en que se
     muestren los mensajes.  Por ahora ‘gtypist’ se distribuye con
     mensajes en alemán, checo, español, francés, inglés y suomi.  Para
     usar un NLS particular se emplea la variable de entorno LANG y se
     pone en la combinación apropiada de ‘LL_CC’, donde ‘LL’ es un
     código de idioma ISO 639 de dos letras y ‘CC’ es un código de país
     ISO 3166 de dos letras (v.g.  ‘es_ES’ para España y ‘de_DE’ para
     Alemania).  En algunos sistemas también será necesario poner la
     variable de entorno LANGUAGE en el mismo valor.

     Quien desee traducir los mensajes a otros idiomas (o corregir los
     ya traducidos), se puede comunicar con <bug-gtypist@gnu.org>.

‘GTYPIST_PATH’
     Lista los directorios en donde buscará el programa los ficheros.
     Tiene el formato estándar de las rutas, esto es, una lista de
     directorios separados por ‘:’.  Para visitar un fichero, gtypist lo
     intentará como sigue: (1) usar sólo el nombre del fichero (2)
     agregará cada uno de los directorios especificados en a variable
     ‘GTYPIST_PATH’ y (3) agregará el directorio usado durante el
     proceso de instalación (v.g.  ‘/usr/local/share/gtypist’ o
     ‘/usr/share/gtypist’).

‘TERM’
     Lo emplea curses para manejarse con la terminal.

‘TERMINFO’
     Es posible que esto tenga que establecerse si la ruta al banco de
     datos ‘terminfo’ es diferente entre el sistema en el que se compiló
     el binario y aquel en que se ejecuta.  Por ejemplo, en los sistemas
     Slackware antiguos, el banco de datos terminfo reside en
     ‘/usr/lib/terminfo’.  En RedHat Linux, está en
     ‘/usr/share/terminfo’.  Si el programa se queja acerca del tipo de
     terminal y el valor de ‘TERM’ es correcto, hay que revisar esta
     variable.


File: gtypist.es.info,  Node: Errores y omisiones,  Next: Historia,  Prev: Variables de entorno,  Up: Top

9 Errores y omisiones
*********************

GNU Typist aún no admite codificación de caracteres multi-byte (como
UTF-8).  Para ver todos los caracteres de algunas de las lecciones, hay
que asegurarse de que la terminal se ejecute en un entorno en donde la
variable LANG no esté puesta en UTF-8.  Los usuarios más perezosos
pueden probar a ejecutar GNU Typist en otro tipo de terminal.  A veces
funciona.

   GNU Typist no hace muchos esfuerzos en minimizar la salida de la
terminal.  En particular, el cursor de bloque que hace flash puede
causar un montón de movimiento de cursor.  El uso del cursor de la
propia terminal puede ser de ayuda si esto se convierte en un problema.

   En las pruebas de velocidad, el programa no permite el retroceso o
eliminación más allá del comienzo de la línea de pantalla o regresar a
través de caracteres de tabulación.  Esto se debe puramente al deseo de
simplificar la actualización de la pantalla.

   Los modos de color de curses no parecen funcionar bien con UnixWare.
En particular, el vídeo inverso no siempre se procesa correctamente en
algunos tipos de terminales ni en xterms.


File: gtypist.es.info,  Node: Historia,  Next: Copia del manual,  Prev: Errores y omisiones,  Up: Top

Apéndice A Historia de GNU Typist
*********************************

   • El programa inicial se escribió para VAX/VMS BASIC por alguien de
     Harris Corp (Ft.  Lauderdale, FL).

   • D. Jason Penney <penneyj@slc.com> lo re-escribió para Microsoft
     BASICA

   • D. Jason Penney <penneyj@slc.com> lo re-escribió en C con la
     biblioteca curses

   • Simon Baldwin <simonb@sco.com> re-escribió la versión de D. Jason
     Penney, con aportaciones descritas en el fichero NEWS (versiones
     2.2 a 2.2b).  Fue el derecho-habiente del copyright de GNU Typist
     (que se distribuía bajo la GPL). Simon también escribió una versión
     de Typist en Java que se llamó inicialmente JTypist y
     posteriormente volvió a llamarse de nuevo Typist:

     [se ofrece una dirección en geocities que ya no existe]
   • A partir de 1997, Ben Armstrong <synrg@sanctuary.nslug.ns.ca> ayudó
     a corregir fallos y a mantener el paquete Debian
     (http://packages.debian.org/gtypist/).

   • En 2000, Vladimir Támara <vtamara@users.sourceforge.net> y Igor
     Támara <ikks@users.sourceforge.net> fueron los mantenedores de la
     versión en C. Antes de Noviembre de 2000, GNU Typist se mantenía
     como parte del proyecto Structio.

   • ¡En Noviembre de 2000 se aceptó como paquete GNU! Se renombró a GNU
     Typist (o gtypist).

   • En Mayo de 2001, Michael Opdenacker <michaelo@gnu.org>, que
     aprendió a mecanografiar con GNU Typist, se hizo el nuevo
     mantenedor.  El desarrollo del proyecto pasa a alojarse en
     <http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/gtypist/>.

   • En Junio de 2001, Felix Natter <fnatter@gmx.net> se unió y realizó
     contribuciones importantes al proyecto: importación de lecciones de
     otros tutores, mejoras en las herramientas, nuevas capacidades de
     tutoría, el modo para Emacs, la interfaz basada en teclas de
     flechas y mucho más.

   • En 2003, Dmitry Rutsky <rutsky@school.ioffe.rssi.ru> se unió al
     equipo de desarrollo y difundió un número importante de ideas,
     hacks y mejoras.

   • En Abril de 2008, Paul Goins <general@vultaire.net> se hizo cargo
     del mantenimiento de GNU Typist, al que le añadió unas cuantas
     mejoras (especialmente la construcción bajo Windows con MinGW),
     actualizó algo la documentación y cambió la licencia a la versión 3
     de la GPL.


File: gtypist.es.info,  Node: Copia del manual,  Prev: Historia,  Up: Top

Apéndice B Licencia de Documentación Pública de GNU
***************************************************

                      Version 1.2, November 2002

     Copyright © 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA

     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
     of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

  0. PREAMBLE

     The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
     functional and useful document “free” in the sense of freedom: to
     assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
     with or without modifying it, either commercially or
     noncommercially.  Secondarily, this License preserves for the
     author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
     being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

     This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative
     works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
     It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
     license designed for free software.

     We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
     free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
     free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
     that the software does.  But this License is not limited to
     software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
     of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.  We
     recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
     instruction or reference.

  1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

     This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
     that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
     be distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice
     grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
     to use that work under the conditions stated herein.  The
     “Document”, below, refers to any such manual or work.  Any member
     of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as “you”.  You accept
     the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
     requiring permission under copyright law.

     A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the
     Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
     modifications and/or translated into another language.

     A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section
     of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
     publishers or authors of the Document to the Document’s overall
     subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
     fall directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document
     is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
     explain any mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of
     historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
     of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
     regarding them.

     The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose
     titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
     notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
     If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
     is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may
     contain zero Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify
     any Invariant Sections then there are none.

     The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are
     listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
     that says that the Document is released under this License.  A
     Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
     be at most 25 words.

     A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
     represented in a format whose specification is available to the
     general public, that is suitable for revising the document
     straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed
     of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
     available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
     formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats
     suitable for input to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise
     Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has
     been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by
     readers is not Transparent.  An image format is not Transparent if
     used for any substantial amount of text.  A copy that is not
     “Transparent” is called “Opaque”.

     Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
     ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
     SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming
     simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.
     Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.
     Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and
     edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which
     the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and
     the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
     processors for output purposes only.

     The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
     plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
     material this License requires to appear in the title page.  For
     works in formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title
     Page” means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
     work’s title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

     A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document
     whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
     following text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ
     stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
     “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.)
     To “Preserve the Title” of such a section when you modify the
     Document means that it remains a section “Entitled XYZ” according
     to this definition.

     The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
     which states that this License applies to the Document.  These
     Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
     this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
     implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
     has no effect on the meaning of this License.

  2. VERBATIM COPYING

     You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
     commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
     copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
     applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
     add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You
     may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
     or further copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However,
     you may accept compensation in exchange for copies.  If you
     distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the
     conditions in section 3.

     You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
     and you may publicly display copies.

  3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

     If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
     have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
     the Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
     enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
     these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
     Back-Cover Texts on the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly
     and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies.  The
     front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
     equally prominent and visible.  You may add other material on the
     covers in addition.  Copying with changes limited to the covers, as
     long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
     conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

     If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
     legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
     reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
     adjacent pages.

     If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
     numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
     Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
     each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
     network-using public has access to download using public-standard
     network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
     of added material.  If you use the latter option, you must take
     reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
     copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
     remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
     year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
     through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.

     It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
     the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
     to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
     Document.

  4. MODIFICATIONS

     You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
     under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
     release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
     Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
     distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
     possesses a copy of it.  In addition, you must do these things in
     the Modified Version:

       A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
          distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
          versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
          History section of the Document).  You may use the same title
          as a previous version if the original publisher of that
          version gives permission.

       B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
          entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
          the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
          principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
          authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
          from this requirement.

       C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
          Modified Version, as the publisher.

       D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

       E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
          adjacent to the other copyright notices.

       F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
          notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
          Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
          the Addendum below.

       G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
          Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s
          license notice.

       H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

       I. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title,
          and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
          authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
          Title Page.  If there is no section Entitled “History” in the
          Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
          publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
          an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
          previous sentence.

       J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
          for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
          likewise the network locations given in the Document for
          previous versions it was based on.  These may be placed in the
          “History” section.  You may omit a network location for a work
          that was published at least four years before the Document
          itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
          to gives permission.

       K. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”,
          Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
          all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
          acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.

       L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
          in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers or the
          equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.

       M. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”.  Such a section
          may not be included in the Modified Version.

       N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
          “Endorsements” or to conflict in title with any Invariant
          Section.

       O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

     If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
     appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
     material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
     some or all of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their
     titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s
     license notice.  These titles must be distinct from any other
     section titles.

     You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains
     nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
     parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
     been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of
     a standard.

     You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
     and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
     the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage
     of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
     through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document
     already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
     by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
     behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
     one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
     the old one.

     The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
     License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
     assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

  5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

     You may combine the Document with other documents released under
     this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
     modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
     of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
     unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
     combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
     their Warranty Disclaimers.

     The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
     multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
     copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
     but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
     by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
     original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
     unique number.  Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
     the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
     combined work.

     In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
     “History” in the various original documents, forming one section
     Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled
     “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”.  You
     must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”

  6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

     You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
     documents released under this License, and replace the individual
     copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
     that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
     rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
     in all other respects.

     You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
     distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
     a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
     License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
     document.

  7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

     A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
     separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
     storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the
     copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
     legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual
     works permit.  When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
     License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
     are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

     If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
     copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
     of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed
     on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
     electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
     form.  Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
     the whole aggregate.

  8. TRANSLATION

     Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
     distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
     4.  Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
     permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
     translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
     original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
     translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
     Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
     include the original English version of this License and the
     original versions of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a
     disagreement between the translation and the original version of
     this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
     prevail.

     If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”,
     “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to
     Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
     actual title.

  9. TERMINATION

     You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
     except as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other
     attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
     void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
     License.  However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
     from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated
     so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

  10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

     The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
     the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
     versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
     differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
     <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>.

     Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
     number.  If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
     version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you
     have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
     that specified version or of any later version that has been
     published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If the
     Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
     choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
     Software Foundation.

ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:

       Copyright (C)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
       Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
       under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
       or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
       with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
       Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
       Free Documentation License''.

   If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the “with...Texts.” line with this:

         with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
         the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
         being LIST.

   If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.

   If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
their use in free software.



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